TUNNEL BORING MACHINE (TBM)

TBM is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through
a variety of soil and rock strata.
They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can
range from a metre to 19.25 metres to date.
Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using
trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than
TBMs.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- TBM

TBMs are enormous, multimillion-dollar

pieces of equipment with a circular plate on
one end.
The circular plate is covered with disk
cutters -- chisel-shaped cutting teeth, steel
disks or a combination of the two.
As the circular plate slowly rotates, the disk
cutters slice into the rock, which falls
through spaces in the cutting head onto a
conveyor system.
The conveyor system carries the muck to
the rear of the machine. Hydraulic cylinders
attached to the spine of the TBM propel it
forward a few feet at a time.
TBMs don't just bore the tunnels -- they also
provide support. As the machine excavates,
two drills just behind the cutters bore into
the rock. Then workers pump grout into the
holes and attach bolts to hold everything in
place until the permanent lining can be
NAME
NEDA SHAKIL
installed. The TBM
accomplishes
this with a
ROLL
- 13 segments of
massive erector
arm NO.
that raises
the tunnel lining
into place.
CLASS
3RD YEAR, B

DEWATERING
Dewatering used to describe removal or draining groundwater or surface water from a riverbed,
construction site, caisson, or mine shaft, by pumping or evaporation. On a construction site, this
dewatering may be implemented before subsurface excavation for foundations, shoring, or cellar
space to lower the water table. This frequently involves the use of submersible "dewatering" pumps,
centrifugal pumps, application of vacuum to well points.
The process of Dewatering can be defined as puming from wells or sumps to temporarily lower
groundwater level, to allow excavation to be made in dry & stable conditions below natural ground
level.

DEWATERING PUMPS

VERTICAL WELL DEWATEING

SYSTEM

WELL POINT DEWATEING SYSTEM EMERGENCY DEWATEING SYSTEM

(SHAFT) EDUCATOR DEWATEING

SYSTEM

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

HORIZONTAL DEWATEING SYSTEM

NAME NEDA SHAKIL
ROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

GROUNDWATER CONTROL
Groundwater control describes the range of engineering techniques used to allow engineering
excavations and mines to the constructed below groundwater level in workably dry, stable and safe
conditions.
There are two main types of groundwater control techniques:
Methods that use cut-off walls and other barriers to exclude water from the excavation (known as
exclusion techniques).
Methods that deal with groundwater by pumping (known as construction dewatering techniques).
There are a wide range of groundwater control methods and dewatering techniques available. The
selection of the best method will depend on the geology and hydrogeology of the location, the available
space and facilities and the environmental constraints at the site.
Cut-off walls are used to exclude groundwater from an excavation, to minimise the requirement for
dewatering pumping. Typically, the method involves installing a very low permeability physical cut-off
wall or barrier around the perimeter of the excavation to prevent groundwater from entering the working
area. Most commonly, the cut-off is vertical and ideally penetrates down to a very low permeability
stratum (such as a clay or unfractured bedrock) that forms a basal seal for the excavation.
The selection of a exclusion method used to form a cut-off barrier will depend on the conditions and
constraints on a given project. Primary constraints are desired depth of wall, ground conditions, geometry
of wall (some methods can be used horizontally or inclined to the vertical, while others are limited to
vertical applications), and whether the barrier is intended to be permanent or temporary.

DEWATERING BY EXCLUSION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

DEWATERING BY PUMPING
Dewatering involves controlling groundwater by pumping, to locally lower groundwater levels in the
vicinity of the excavation.
The simplest form of dewatering is sump pumping, where groundwater is allowed to enter the excavation
where it is then collected in a sump and pumped away by robust solids handling pumps. Sump pumping
can be effective in many circumstances, but seepage into the excavation can create the risk of instability
and other construction problems.

The pump set for this application uses a 150-millimeter

(6-inch) centrifugal pump powered by a 224-kilowatt
(190-horsepower) diesel engine.

To prevent significant groundwater seepage into the excavation and to ensure stability of excavation side
slopes and base it may be necessary to lower groundwater levels in advance of excavation. This is
known as pre-drainage.
Pre-drainage methods include:
Deep wells
Wellpoints
Eductors
Vacuum wells
Horizontal wells

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

DEEP WELL TECHNIQUES

A deep well system consists of an array of bored wells pumped by submersible pumps. Pumping
from each well lowers the groundwater level and creates a cone of depression or drawdown around
itself. Several wells acting in combination can lower groundwater level over a wide area beneath an
excavation. Because the technique does not operate on a suction principle, large draw downs can
be achieved, limited only by the depth of the wells, and the hydrogeological conditions.
The wells are generally sited just outside the area of proposed excavation, and are pumped by
electric submersible pumps near the base of each well. Water collection pipes, power supply
generators, electrical controls and monitoring systems are located at theThe
surface.
technique is particularly
suited to deeper excavations
or where artesian
groundwater pressures
threaten base stability. The
system is reliable and the
wide spacing of the wells
reduces access restrictions
to a minimum.

Deep Well - Electric Submersible Pump System

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

WELL POINT DEWATERING

Wellpoint dewatering is widely used for excavations of shallow depths, especially for pipeline trench
excavations. In appropriate ground conditions a wellpoint system can be installed speedily and
made operational rapidly. A typical wellpoint system consists of a series of small diameters wells
(known as wellpoints) connected via a header pipe, to the suction side of a suitable wellpoint pump.
The pump creates a vacuum in the header pipe, drawing water up out of the ground. For long
pipeline trenches, horizontal wellpoints may be installed by special trenching machines.
Wellpoints are typically installed in lines or rings around the excavation, and are pumped by diesel
or electrically powered pumps, with associated header mains, water discharge pipes, power supply
generators, electrical controls and monitoring systems.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

EDUCTORS / EJECTORS WELLS DEWATERING

The eductor system (also known as the ejector system) is specialist technique used to control pore
water pressure in low permeability soils such as very silty sands, silts, or clays with permeable
fabric. Eductors are typically used to help stabilise the side slopes and base of excavations in soils
that would be difficult to dewater with wellpoints or deep wells.
Eductors have the advantage that they can allow vacuum-assisted drainage, to draw water out of
poorly draining fine-grained soils. The system works by circulating high pressure water (from a tank
and supply pumps at ground level) down the well to a small-diameter nozzle and venturi located in
the eductor in each well. This generates a vacuum of up to 9.5 m of water at the level of the
eductor. The vacuum draws groundwater into the well from where it is piped back to ground level
via a return riser pipe and through the reservoir tank back to the supply pump for recirculation.

EDUCTOR PUMP
SETUP

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

More than 100 eductor wells are

commonly activated by a single
pumping station . The volumes of
water which can be pumped by
each system are generally low,
typically less than 200 gpm.
NAME NEDA SHAKIL
TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

HORIZONTAL WELL DEWATERING

Horizontal wells for dewatering are of two principal types:
Horizontal drains installed by specialist trenching machines
Horizontally directionally drilled (HDD) wells.
Horizontal drains installed by specialist trenching machines
This technique uses a horizontal flexible perforated pipe, pumped by a wellpoint pump, to lower
groundwater levels. The perforated pipe is installed by a special trenching machine. One end of the
pipe is unperforated and is brought to the surface and connected to a wellpoint suction pump. The
method can be very effective for dewatering long pipeline excavations.
Horizontally directionally drilled (HDD) wells.
HDD wells are used where groundwater must be abstracted from beneath inaccessible areas or
from areas where the disruption associated with surface drilling is undesirable. Applications for HDD
wells include:
Installation of permanent dewatering systems beneath existing built up (urban) environments.
Pumping for remediation of contaminated groundwater without the risks of cross-contamination
associated with vertical drilling
Dewatering for tunnel construction
Recharge wells to re-inject water as part of artificial recharge schemes.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

HORIZONTAL WELL DEWATERING

Horizontal Dewatering drainage makes it possible to lower ground water levels in such a short
time that the groundwork for sewers, building excavations, cables and pipes can be done in the
dry, without any risks in a short space of time.
It is achieved by special designed trenching machine systems to drain the ground water from the
soil. Pumping out the ground water lowers the water table and modifies the subsurface flow
pattern. The system can be installed accurately by means of laser depth control.
PRINCIPLE OF HORIZONTAL DEWATERING
The principle of Horizontal Dewatering is simple. A trench is dug by means of a specially
constructed dewatering trenching machine. During the digging a flexible synthetic filter pipe is
inserted in this trench directly behind the digging chain, through a steel case. The beginning of the
flexible pipe is not perforated and is dug in from the surface level.
When it has reached the desired depth the non perforated pipe becomes a horizontal perforated
pipe that is connected to a vacuum pump. The groundwater is sucked through the perforations
because of the under pressure. Then it is pumped up through the blind pipe by the vacuum pump.
In this way it can be controlled and drained off.

TRENCHING MACHINE
SYSTEM

HORIZONTAL DEWATERING
SYSTEM

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING

NAME NEDA SHAKIL

TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13
CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

RELIEF/ ARTESIAN WELL DEWATERING

Relief wells (also known as pressure relief wells or bleed wells) are used to reducing pore water
pressures in confined aquifers or in stratified ground conditions. The relief wells are typically drilled
before the excavation has extended below the piezometric level in the aquifer. As excavation
continues, the wells will begin to overflow, relieving pore water pressures in the aquifer and
ensuring stability. The water flowing from the relief wells is typically disposed of by sump pumping.
A granular drainage blanket and network of drains can be used to direct water to the sumps and
prevent
ponding in the excavation.
Pressure
relief wells are a method of controlling excess
pore water pressures in confined aquifers.
The artesian or sub-artesian head within a confined aquifer
can be dangerous if the overburden pressure is equal or less
than that of the confined pore water pressure, and if not
dealt with it will result in piping or heaving of the base of the
excavation.
There are two basic means of relieving this pressure
The use ofPassive Pressure Relief Wells; and
The use of active pumping pressure relief wells,
which can consist of either deep wellsor wellpoints.

In flood control, a relief well is used adjacent to earthenleveesto relieve the pressure on the lake
or river side of the levee and thus to prevent the collapse of the levee.The greater flow of water in
the water source, typically during a flood, creates a pressure gradient such that more water
infiltrates the soil of the levee.Water may then flow through the soil towards the dry side of the
levee, resulting insand boil,liquefactionof the soil, and ultimately destruction of the levee.
Relief wells act like valves to relieve the water pressure and allow excess water to be diverted
safely, for example, to a canal.
Pressure relief wells can prevent sand boils from occurring by relieving the water pressure as
described.
NAME NEDA SHAKIL

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13

CLASS 3RD YEAR, B

RELIEF/ ARTESIAN WELL DEWATERING

Artesian Pressure beneath an excavation is sometimes referred to as the silent enemy. During the
construction period there can often be no apparent issue with groundwater, then with little or no
warning, the base of the excavation can fail, with water flooding the structure.
It is, therefore, essential to establish if artesian conditions are present, before any deep excavation
is carried out. If artesian conditions are anticipated, then a system of either active or passive
pressure relief wells can be designed and installed in order to prevent heave.
A dewatering system reduces

Before the ground is reduced and

the water pumped out, the upward
water pressure is less than the
downward weight of soil.

When the ground is excavated,

the artesian water pressure
becomes greater than the
pressure from the ground above
causing the base to heave and
crack.

the groundwater uplift

pressure to less than the
weight of the overlying soil, so
preventing ground heave.

Before the ground is reduced and the water pumped out, the upward water pressure is less than the
downward weight of soil.
To prevent heave it is necessary to reduce the uplift pressure to below the weight of the overlying soil (in the
temporary works condition) or structure (in the permanent works condition).
This can be achieved by one of two methods:
actively pumping from below the confining layer(installation of active pumping wells)
by providing a pathway through the confining layer allowing water to bleed into the excavation when
artesian pressure rises
NAME NEDA SHAKIL

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION- DEWATERING TECHNIQUESROLL NO. - 13

CLASS 3RD YEAR, B