Enhancement of Available

Transfer Capacity
for
Congestion Management
In
Deregulated Power System
Guided by :
Prof. S. K. Joshi
M.S.U. Baroda

Presented by
B.P.Pandya , BE(E) IV
Roll No. : 424

Project Theme
Deregulated Electricity Market Open Access
Congestion Management
Available Transfer Capacity
To propose a new set of AC sensitivity referred
as AC Power Transfer Congestion Distribution
Factor (ACPTCDF) for 6 bus system.
Calculate ATC of transmission line
Enhancement of ATC using facts devices for
congestion management

Significance of Topic
Conversion of Vertically integrated utilities to Open Access
market system
[ May 2003,Indian Electricity Act]
To promote competition through open access among
utilities ATC must be calculated [ ATC posted on OASIS]
Because of Open Access, Congestion is prime problem for
power system
Congestion can be managed by Facts devices. Fact devices
can enhance ATC.
So we develop a set of congestion distribution factors in
terms of real as well as reactive power
Most sensitive congested line is identified by sensitive
analysis and ATC calculation

Regulation

Deregulation

Advantages of Deregulation

The need for regulation changed former

vertically integrated utility is disaggregated into
separate companies devoted to each function.
Privatization
Cost is expected to drop
Customer focus will improve
Encourages innovation
Power production and retail sales will be
competitive, monopoly franchise business

Benefits & Issues involved in

Deregulation
Benefits
Improved generation
Planning Efficiency

Issues
Network Congestion
Optimal bidding for
Genco

Cheaper electricity due Transmission pricing

to competition and
innovation
Improved Economy

Ancillary Services
Management

New jobs for power

engineers

Risk Analysis

Network Congestion
When the producers and consumers of the electric
energy desire to produce and consume in total that
would cause the transmission system to operate at
or beyond one or more transfer limit, the system is
said to be congested.

Congestion is a consequence of network

constraints characterizing a finite network capacity
that prevent the simultaneous delivery of power
from an associated set of power transactions.

Constraints
Thermal limit :- The maximum amount of
electrical energy
that transmit on transmission line without
overheating.

Voltage limit :- System voltage and change in

voltage must
be maintained with the range of
acceptable
deviation
Stability limit :- Transmission system capable o
surviving
disturbances through the transient and
dynamic period

Graph showing congestion

Objective of Congestion Management

Minimized interference of the transmission
network in the market for electric energy
Secure operation of the power system
Improvement of market efficiency
Manage power flow with existing Transmission
line

Available Transfer Capacity (ATC)

ATC is a measure of the Transfer Capability
Remaining in the transmission network for
further commercial activity* over and above
already committed uses
(* while ensuring system security)
Mathematically,
ATC = TTC TRM (ETC+CBM)
[In accordance with the recent FERC (Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission) Order 888 (Promoting Utility
Competition Through Open Access, Non discriminatory
Transmission service by Public Utility)& 889(OASIS ,
Open Access Same time Information system) ,

ATC = TTC TRM (ETC+CBM)

ETC is the existing transfer commitments
TTC is the maximum amount of power which can be
transferred over the network while satisfying all
security constraints.
TRM is the margin required for uncertainties in the
system conditions.
CBM is the margin reserved by load serving entities
for generation reliability requirements.

Pre- Contingency Situation

Nrth
Barth.

Bart.
SE
Rating
210
Flow 50

N.E.
S.

Dela
Contingencyware
Element

Flow 900
CONTINGENCY

Flow gate direction

Post contingency situation

Nrth
Bart

Bart
SE

Rating
210
Flow 212

N.E.
S.

contingen
cy

Dela
ware

Flow 0
Flow gate direction

50 + 0.18 * 900

 Transfer Capacity

on

28/1/2010

NORMAL
Present Status: Transfer
Capacity state

1
.

Congestion charges applicable

NO

2
.

Total transfer capacity(TTC) of

NR

4250
MW

3
.

Available transfer capacity(ATC) 3750

of NR
MW

4
.

IR Schedule

2749
MW

5
.

IR Actual

2930
MW

6
.

TTC Violation

-1320
MW

ATC Violation

-820 MW

Transfer capacity
state
1)Normal- No
Violation- color
Green
2)Alert- ATC
Violation- color
Yellow
3)EmergencyTTC Violationcolor Red

Role of ISO
ATC is a measure of how much additional electric
power could be transferred.
Each ISO is responsible for monitoring its own
regional transmission system and calculating ATC for
potentially congested paths.
ATC values would be placed on a website known as
Open Access Same-time Information System (OASIS)
operated by ISO.
Anyone wishing to do transaction, would access OASIS
web pages and use ATC information available there to
determine if system could accommodate the
transaction.

AC Load flow based Approach

A.C. based approach utilized two sets of sensitivity
factors terms as Real Power Transmission
Congestion Factor (PTCDF) & Reactive Power
Transmission Congestion Factor (QTCDF)
Most sensitive transmission line can be found &
manage this line with use of FACTS device.

Real Power Transfer Congestion

Distribution Factor ( PTCDF)
For ATC determination the MW flow must be
allocated to each line or group of lines in
proportion to MW being transmitted by each
transaction.

A transaction is a specific amount of power that

is injected in to the system at one bus by a
generator & removed at the another bus by load.

PTCDF is defined as the change in real power flow

(Pij) in a transmission line k, connected
between bus i & j, due to unit change in the
power injection(Pn) at bus-n.

 QTCDF is defined as the change in reactive power

flow (Qij) in a transmission line k, connected
between bus i & j, due to unit change in the
reactive power injection(Qn) at bus-n
It is also called sensitivity because it relates the
amount of one change transaction amount to
another change line flow.

12 34 5 6 7

ATC Calculation using PTCDF

Recognizing new flow on line from bus i to bus j
(line k) due to transaction at bus n.

Line Outage Distribution Factor (LODF)

ATC is also limited by the effects of contingencies.
The line flows could be used to calculate the
effect of each line outage, then PTCDF applied to
find transfer limit.

LODFs & PTCDFs can be combined to calculate

the first contingency incremental transfer
capability, which is the maximum increase in
transaction amount from one bus to another bus.
LODF can be defined as the measure of
redistribution because of line outage.
12 3 4 5 6

ATC using PTCDF & LODF

Congestion Management by FACTS

devices
For efficient utilization of the existing network
with penetration of additional power FACTS
devices are used.
Effective FACTS based power flow control can be
applied to relieve transmission congestion &
Improve the transfer capability of the network
with high penetration of power. While voltage
security & voltage stability constraint are satisfied
& transmission net work can be effectively
utilized.

Principle of Control
The inserted series voltage can be regulated to
change the impedance (X) of Transmission line
hence power flow of the line can be controlled.
FACTS is power Electronics based system that
provide dynamic control of the power transfer
parameters transmission voltage, line impedance
& phase angle, active and reactive power when
storage becomes viable storage then they can
supply & absorbed active power as well
Consider unity power factor load, real power
transferred is given by
Similarly Reactive power transferred is given by

FACTS Technology and their potential

Definition[3] of FACTS by IEEE as:
Alternating current transmission system
incorporating power Electronics based & other static
controller to enhance controllability and increase
power transfer capability
FACTS controller [14] :- It is power electronic-based
system and other static equipment that provide
control of one or more AC transmission parameters.
For ATC enhancement the FACTS devices are
placed at weak-bus.

FACTS Devices
1.

Shunt controller :
Adjusting the system voltage by means of shunt
reactive elements is known as shunt compensation.
2. Series Controller :
Adjusting the system voltage by means of series
reactive elements is known as shunt compensation.
3. Combined shunt-series controller (Unified Power Flow
Controller) : It provides independent series reactive
compensation for each line bus also transfer real
power among the line via d.c. power link (Inter line
power flow controller).
Used in multiple line

Conclusion & Future Scope

It conclude that ATC calculation is very important
& mandatory for Open Access in power system in
Deregulated Electrical Market .
In future with the help of some optimization
techniques like genetic algorithm, Particle Swam
Optimization, we can optimized reactive power
injection at weak bus.

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Reference Websites

www.powerexindia.com
www.iexindia.com
www.pserc.cornell.edu/tcc
www.powergridindia.com
www.nldc.in
www.erldc.org
www.wrldc.com
www.spp.org
Atc_jan2010_powergrid