Lesson 1.1

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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION & CONTROL

S TA G E 2 B - P S P 1 0 2
IN THIS UNIT, THE TRAINEES LEARN THE PRINCIPLES AND

OPERATION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS.
IT IS CLASSIFIED AS SINGLE INPUT QUANTITY OR DOUBLE
INPUT QUANTITIES.
SOME OF THEM OPERATE WITH PLUNGER, CLAPPER, AND
INDUCTION DISC OR INDUCTION CYLINDER.
THIS UNIT DISCUSSES SOME TYPES OF PROTECTION
SUCH AS TIME OVERCURRENT, OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE,
DIRECTIONAL AND FREQUENCY PROTECTION.
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P O W E R S Y S T E M P R O T E C T I O N & C O N T R O L S TA G E 2 B PSP102
PLUNGER AND CLAPPER TYPE RELAYS

It discusses the pick-up and drop-out of the relays.
1. Electromechanical relays works as a comparison process, that it
compares two mechanical quantities. One of them is the damping
spring force; the second is the operating torque.
2. The electrical signal is converted to electromagnetic force, which
represents the actual current or voltage of the system.
3. When the damping force is greater than the operating force, it means
normal operation and no fault occurs.
4. When the damping force is less than the operating force, it means
abnormal operation, (fault occurs), resulting in relay operation,
producing trip signal.
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PLUNGER TYPE RELAYS (SOLENOID TYPE)
The
principle
of
electromagnetic attraction
can be used equally well on
either AC or DC.
The
required
electromagnetic force (F) to
move
the
plunger
is
proportional to the square of
the current in the coil.
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When the magnetic field, produced by

current flowing in the coil, is
sufficiently strong, the armature or
plunger moves and causes the relay
action.
This, in turn, completes the circuit to
the trip-coil of the circuit breaker.
Normally, the operation of this relay is
instantaneous (no intentional time
delay).
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1. Some types of plunger relays are used as a high drop-out

instantaneous overcurrent unit.
2. The relay coil has thick wire material with a few numbers of
turns, and very small coil resistance (typically 0.1 to 0.5
range).
3. A helical spring absorbs the AC plunger vibrations, producing
good contact action.
4. The air gap provides a ratio of drop-out to pickup of 90 percent
or greater over a two-to-one pickup range.
5. The pickup range can be varied from a two-to one to a four-toone range by adjusting core screw.
6. When the pickup range is increased to four-to-one, the dropout ratio will decrease to approximately 45 percent.
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1. Other types of plunger relay are used as an

instantaneous over or under voltage unit.
2. The relay coil has fine wire with a large number of
turns, and very high coil resistance (typically 2k to
100k range).
3. An adjustable flux shunt permits settings that are
more precise over the nominal four-to-one pickup
range.
4. This unit is relatively independent of frequency,
operating on DC to 60 Hz nominal frequency.
5. It is available in high and low drop-out versions.
Over voltage relay has normally open contacts and
used as a monitor to the voltage to indicate if it
exists or not.
6. Under voltage relays has normally close contacts.
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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Fig. 1.1-3 Operating Characteristics of Plunger

Type Relay
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EXAMPLE
Voltage relay type SV and current relay type SC (Westinghouse made);
Fig. 1.1-4 and 1.1-5 respectively are suitable for any application where an
instantaneous plunger relay of high accuracy is required.
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CLAPPER TYPE
RELAYS
The pickup and drop-out values of clapper units are less accurate than
those of plunger units. Clapper units are primarily applied as auxiliary or
go/no-go units.
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EXAMPLE
SG clapper type relay shown in Fig. 1.1-7 is used as auxiliary relay for
miscellaneous
automatic and remote control switching.
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11
RELAY CONTACTS
Fig. 1.1-8 Telephone Relay
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SUMMARY
1. Plunger relay compares spring force with electromagnetic force.
2. In over voltage or overcurrent, at normal operation, spring force is
higher than
3. electromagnetic force, whereas in the case of abnormal operation;
spring force is
4. less than electromagnetic force.
5. Plunger relay works as voltage relay to monitor system voltage if it
exists or not.
6. Plunger relay can operate by AC or DC depending on design.
7. Some types of plunger relays work by AC with internal rectifier.
8. Plunger voltage-relay always has fine wire coil with a large number of
turns.
9. Plunger type current-relay always has thick wire coil with little
number of turns.
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13

Lesson 1.1

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R

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION & CONTROL

IN THIS UNIT, THE TRAINEES LEARN THE PRINCIPLES AND

PLUNGER AND CLAPPER TYPE RELAYS

PLUNGER TYPE RELAYS (SOLENOID TYPE)

When the magnetic field, produced by

1. Some types of plunger relays are used as a high drop-out

1. Other types of plunger relay are used as an

Fig. 1.1-3 Operating Characteristics of Plunger

Fig. 1.1-8 Telephone Relay

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