Introductory Mathematical Analysis

INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 3
Lines, Parabolas, and Systems
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems
Chapter Objectives
To develop the notion of slope and different forms of
equations of lines.
To develop the notion of demand and supply curves and
to introduce linear functions.
To sketch parabolas arising from quadratic functions.
To solve systems of linear equations in both two and
three variables by using the technique of elimination by
addition or by substitution.
To use substitution to solve nonlinear systems.
To solve systems describing equilibrium and break-even
points.
Chapter Outline
3.1) Lines
3.2) Applications and Linear Functions
3.3) Quadratic Functions
3.4) Systems of Linear Equations
3.5) Nonlinear Systems
3.6) Applications of Systems of Equations
3.1 Lines
Slope of a Line
The slope of the line for two different points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
y 2 y1
vertical change

m
x 2 x1 horizontal change

3.1 Lines
Example 1 Price-Quantity Relationship
The line in the figure shows the relationship

between the price p of a widget (in dollars) and the
quantity q of widgets (in thousands) that consumers
will buy at that price. Find and interpret the slope.

3.1 Lines
Example 1 Price-Quantity Relationship
Solution:
The slope is
p2 p1 1 4
1
m
q2 q1 8 2
2
Equations of lines
A point-slope form of an equation of the line
through (x1, y1) with slope m is
y 2 y1
m
x 2 x1
y 2 y 1 m x 2 x1

3.1 Lines
Example 3 Determining a Line from Two Points
Find an equation of the line passing through (3, 8)

and (4, 2).
Solution:
28
10
The line has slope m 4 3 7
Using a point-slope form with (3, 8) gives
10
y 8 x 3
7
7 y 56 10 x 30
10 x 7 y 26 0

3.1 Lines
The slope-intercept form of an equation of the

line with slope m and y-intercept b is y mx b.
Example 5 Find the Slope and y-intercept of a Line
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line with

equation y = 5(3 2x).
Solution:
Rewrite the equation:
y 5 3 2 x
y 15 10 x
y 10 x 15
The slope is ___ and the y-intercept is ___.


3.1 Lines
Example 7 Converting Forms of Equations of Lines
a. Find a general linear form of the line whose

slope-intercept form is
2
y x4
3
Solution:
By clearing the fractions, we have
2
xy 40
3
2 x 3 y 12 0

3.1 Lines
Example 7 Converting Forms of Equations of Lines
b. Find the slope-intercept form of the line having a

general linear form
3x 4y 2 0
Solution:
We solve the given equation for y,
3 x 4y 2 0
4 y 3 x 2
3
1
y x
4
2
10

3.1 Lines
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Parallel Lines are two lines that have the same
slope.
Perpendicular Lines are two lines with slopes
m1 and m2 perpendicular to each other only if
1
m1
m2
11

3.1 Lines
Example 9 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
The figure shows two lines passing through (3, 2).

One is parallel to the line y = 3x + 1, and the other is
perpendicular to it. Find the equations of these lines.
12

3.1 Lines
Example 9 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Solution:
The line through (3, 2) that is parallel to y = 3x + 1
also has slope 3. Using a point-slope form:
y 2 3 x 3
y 2 3x 9
y 3 x 11
For the line perpendicular to y = 3x + 1,

1
x 3
3
1
y 2 x 1
3
1
y x 1
3
y 2
13
3.2 Applications and Linear Functions

Example 1 Production Levels
Suppose that a manufacturer uses 100 lb of material

to produce products A and B, which require 4 lb and
2 lb of material per unit, respectively.
Solution:
If x and y denote the number of units produced of A
and B, respectively,
4 x 2y 100
where x, y 0
Solving for y gives

y 2 x 50
14

Demand and Supply Curves

Demand and supply curves have the following
trends:
15

Linear Functions
A function f is a linear function which can be
written as f x ax b where a 0
Example 3 Graphing Linear Functions
15 2t
Graph f x 2 x 1 and g t
.
3
Solution:
16

Example 5 Determining a Linear Function
If y = f(x) is a linear function such that f(2) = 6 and

f(1) = 3, find f(x).
Solution:
y2 y1
The slope is m
x2 x1
Using a point-slope form:

y y1 m x x1
y _ __ x ___
y
f x
17
3.3 Quadratic Functions

Quadratic function is written as f x ax 2 bx c
where a, b and c are constants and a 0
The graph of the quadratic function is a parabola
If a > 0, the parabola opens upward.
If a < 0, it opens downward.
The vertex is
b
b
, f
2a 2a
The y-intercept is c.
18

Example 1 Graphing a Quadratic Function
f
x
x
4 x 12 .
Graph the quadratic function
Solution: The x-coordinate of the vertex is

b
2a
2
___
b
The y-coordinate is f 2a f __
Thus, the vertex is ( , ). The y-intercept is ___.

The x-intercepts are
0 x 2 4 x 12
0 x 6 x 2
x 6 and 2
19

Example 3 Graphing a Quadratic Function
g
x
x
6 x 7.
Graph the quadratic function
Solution:
b
2a
2
___
g _
___
Thus, the vertex is ( ,

The y-intercept is __.
The x-intercepts are
).
x 3 2
20
3.4 Systems of Linear Equations

Two-Variable Systems
There are three different linear systems:
Linear system
(one solution)
Linear system
(no solution)
Linear system
(many solutions)
Two methods to solve simultaneous equations:
a) elimination by addition
b) elimination by substitution
21

Example 1 Elimination-by-Addition Method
Use elimination by addition to solve the system.

3 x 4 y 13
3y 2x 3
Solution: Make the y-component the same.

9 x 12y 39
8 x 12y 12
Adding the two equations, we get x 3. Use x 3 to

find y:
9 3 12 y 39
y ___
Thus, the solution is x = __ and y = __.

22

Example 3 A Linear System with Infinitely Many Solutions
x 5y 2
1x 5 y 1
2
2
Solve
Solution: Make the x-component the same.

x 5y 2
x 5 y 2
Adding the two equations, we get 0 0 .

The complete solution is
x 2 5r
y r , where r is any real number
one-parameter family of solutions
23

Example 5 Solving a Three-Variable Linear System
Solve
2x y z 3
x 2 y 2z 1
x y 3 z 6 x y 3z 6
Solution: By substitution & simplification, we get

3 y 7z 15
y z 5
x y 3z 6
Since y = -5 + z, we can find z = __ and y = __. Thus,

z __
y __
x __
24

Example 7 Two-Parameter Family of Solutions
Solve the system

x 2y z 4
2 x 4 y 2z 8
Solution:
Multiply the 2nd equation by -1/2 and add to the 1 st
equation,
x 2y z 4
00
Setting y = r and z = s, the solutions are
x 4 2r s
y r
z s , r and s are any real numbers
25
3.5 Nonlinear Systems
A system of equations with at least one nonlinear

equation is called a nonlinear system.
Example 1 Solving a Nonlinear System
Solve
x 2 2x y 7 0
(1)
3x y 1 0
(2) y 3x 1
Solution: Substitute Eq (3) into (1),
(3)
x 2 2 x 3 x 1 7 0
x2 x 6 0
x 3 x 2 0
x 3 or x 2
y __ or y __
26
3.6 Applications of Systems of Equations

Equilibrium
The point of equilibrium is where demand and

supply curves intersect.
27

Example 1 Tax Effect on Equilibrium

p
8
q 50
100
Let
be the supply equation for a
manufacturers product, and suppose the demand
equation is p 7 q 65.
100
a. If a tax of $1.50 per unit is to be imposed on the

manufacturer, how will the original equilibrium price
be affected if the demand remains the same?
b. Determine the total revenue obtained by the
manufacturer at the equilibrium point both before and
after the tax.
28

Solution:
a. By substitution,
7
8
q 65
q 50
100
100
q 100
and
8
100 50 58
100
After
8 new tax,
100
7
q 65
100
q 90
q 51.50
8
90 51.50 58.70
p
100
The tax of $1.50 per unit increases the equilibrium

price by $0.70.
29

Solution:
b. Total revenue given by
After tax,
yTR pq 58 100 5800

yTR pq 58.70 90 5283
30

Break-Even Points
Profit (or loss) = total revenue(TR) total cost(TC)
Total cost = variable cost + fixed cost

yTC yVC y FC
The break-even point is where TR = TC.
31

Example 3 Break-Even Point, Profit, and Loss
A manufacturer sells a product at $8 per unit, selling

all that is produced. Fixed cost is $5000 and variable
cost per unit is 22/9 (dollars).
a. Find the total output and revenue at the break-even
point.
b. Find the profit when 1800 units are produced.
c. Find the loss when 450 units are produced.
d. Find the output required to obtain a profit of
$10,000.
32

Solution:
a. We have yTR 8q
yTC yVC y FC
At break-even point,
22
q 5000
9
yTR yTC
22
q 5000
9
q 900
8q
and
b.
yTR 8 900 7200
yTR yTC
22
1800 5000 5000

81800
9
The profit is $5000.

33

Solution:
______
c.
TR
TC
_____
The loss is $_____.

d. Profit = total revenue total cost
22
q 5000
9
10000 8q
50
q
9
q _____
15000
Thus, ____ units must be produced.

34
Tutorial 4 questions:
Problems 3.1: Q72
Problems 3.2: Q28, Q30
Problems 3.5: Q16
35

Introductory Mathematical Analysis

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INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 1 Price-Quantity Relationship

The line in the figure shows the relationship

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 3 Determining a Line from Two Points

Find an equation of the line passing through (3, 8)

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

The slope-intercept form of an equation of the

Find the slope and y-intercept of the line with

The slope is ___ and the y-intercept is ___.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 7 Converting Forms of Equations of Lines

a. Find a general linear form of the line whose

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

b. Find the slope-intercept form of the line having a

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 9 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

The figure shows two lines passing through (3, 2).

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

For the line perpendicular to y = 3x + 1,

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

3.2 Applications and Linear Functions

Suppose that a manufacturer uses 100 lb of material

Solving for y gives

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Demand and Supply Curves

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 5 Determining a Linear Function

If y = f(x) is a linear function such that f(2) = 6 and

Using a point-slope form:

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

3.3 Quadratic Functions

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 1 Graphing a Quadratic Function

Solution: The x-coordinate of the vertex is

Thus, the vertex is ( , ). The y-intercept is ___.

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

Example 3 Graphing a Quadratic Function

Thus, the vertex is ( ,

Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

3.4 Systems of Linear Equations

There are three different linear systems:

The slope is _ and the y-intercept is _.

Thus, the solution is x = and y = .

Since y = -5 + z, we can find z = and y = . Thus,