Najmiyatul Fadilah Mohamad

SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Identify the animals with hydrostatic, exoskeleton and
endoskeleton support system
2. Describe animal locomotion
3. Describe the two divisions in human nervous system
4. Analyse animal responses and coordinates towards
stimulus
5. Explain the chemical coordination in human beings
6. Analyse plant responses and coordinates towards
stimulus.

SUPPORT SYSTEM

Skeleton

Framework of the animal body around which

the whole body is built.

Collective name for all the hard and rigid

structures in the body forming the framework
of the body.

Forms the supporting framework of the body.

Gives a proper shape to the body.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Hydrostatic Skeleton

In soft-bodied and coldblooded animals.

Has a coelom, which is

a fluid-filled cavity.

Coelom is surrounded
by muscles.

Rigidity by fluid and

muscles serve as a
supporting structure for
the organisms.

EXOSKELETON

Lies outside the soft

parts of the body
providing a covering to
them.

in the form of hard and

rigid plates composed of
dead substance secreted
by cells.

restricts the movements

of the animal to the
extent that the animal is
passive and slow or even
sessile.

ENDOSKELETON

Inside the body

Supports and gives
shape to the body
Tissues and muscles
are formed around
the skeletal system
Muscular forces are
transmitted to this
skeleton.

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION
(EARTHWORM)

Hydrostatic skeleton.

Has about 100-150

segments.

Segmentation helps
the earthworm
move.

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION)
GRASSHOPPER

Exoskeleton

Can move in three

ways

walk, jump and fly

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD

Lightweight skeleton,
strong muscles to
control their flight,
air sacs, light
beaks,small lungs
and wings designed
for flying.

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD

Birds wings

Shaped like an aerofoil

concave

How they fly?

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD

large muscles to move

their wings up and down

attached to the wings at

one end and to a special
bone, keel bone, at the
other end.

Pectoralis

provides the powerful

down stroke of the wing

Supracoracoideusas

the muscle that raises the

wing

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) FISH

Myomeres
contracting and
relaxing able to
swim.

How fish face the

problem during
movement?

(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) HUMAN

Bone
act as levers during
movement.
provide solid
structures

three types of joints:

Immovable
Partly Movable
Synovial

LEG MUSCLES

main leg muscles

gluteal muscles
the iliopsoas or hip
flexors

NERVOUS SYSTEM
(a)

Central Nervous
System (CNS)
consisting of the brain
and spinal cord

( Responsible

for
receiving
and
interpreting
signals
from
the
peripheral
nervous system and
also sends outsignals to
it, either consciously or
unconsciously.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
(b) Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) consisting
of all other neural
elements.

Composed of nerves and

ganglia
that
are
connected to the brain
but
are
technically
outside of the brain itself
and the spinal cord

Divided into 2 categories:

??

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN

ANIMALS

A nerve cell = a
neuron

three types of
neurons.

afferent(sensory)
efferent (motor)
interneuron.

VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY

ACTIONS

Voluntary action

Involuntary action

CHEMICAL COORDINATION

Endocrine System

collection of glands
that secrete
hormones.

executes various
physiological
processes through
chemical
messengers called
hormones.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES AND

FUNCTIONS

An endocrine gland = a group of

specialised cells, produces and secretes
hormones into the blood stream.
each hormone has its own target organ
= specific function.
Thyroxine and growth hormones =
control the growth of human body.
If imbalance of the thyroxine?

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Tropic Response

A growth movement
of a plant part in
response to an
external stimulus in
which the direction
of a stimulus
determines the
direction of
responses.

RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Nastic Response

is not a directional
movement of the
plant part with
respect to the
stimulus.

is neither towards
the stimulus nor
away from the
stimulus.