EM Lab

Engineering Mechanics Lab
Instructor: Dr. S. V. Bakre
List of Practical
Experiment
No.
Name of Experiment
Determination of the Support Reactions of a Simply Supported Beam
Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces using a Force Table
Verification of Lamis Theorem using Jib Crane
Analysis of a Shear Leg Structure
Determination of the Coefficient of Static and Rolling Friction for an

Inclined Plane
Analysis of Truss using Structural Mechanics Apparatus
Tension Test on a Mild Steel Specimen
Torsion Test on a Mild Steel Specimen
Determination of Maximum Bending Strength of a Wooden Block
Dr. SV Bakre
Schedule/Conduct of Practicals
Form 6 group
Group 1: Roll #
Group 2: Roll #
Group 3: Roll #
Group 4: Roll #
Group 5: Roll #
1-4
5-8
9-12
13-15
16-18
Dr. SV Bakre
Schedule/Conduct of Practicals
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
This Week
Pract # 1
Pract # 2
Pract # 3
Pract # 4
Pract # 5
Pract # 6
Dr. SV Bakre
Next Week
Pract # 2
Pract # 3
Pract # 4
Pract # 5
Pract # 6
Pract # 1
Practical # 1
Determination of Support Reactions of

a Simply Supported Beam
Aim: To determine reactions at

supports of Simply Supported Beam
Apparatus: Simply Supported Beam
Set-up, Weights and Measuring
Scale
Theory: Types of Support, Types of
Loads, Types of Beam and
Conditions of Equilibrium
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Support
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Support: Pin/Hinge
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Support: Fixed
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Loads:
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Loads:
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Beams: Simply Supported
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Beams: Cantilever
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Beams: SSB + Overhang
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Types of Beams: Fixed and

Continuous
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Apparatus
Wooden Beam
Spring
Balance
Spring
Balance
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Theoretical Determination of
Reactions
Fy = 0, RA + RB - W1 - W2 = 0 ------------------ (1)
MA = 0, RB . L W1. a W2 . b = 0 --------------(2)
W1
W2
Solving (1) and (2),

RA
W a W2 b
RB 1
L
and RA = W1 + W2 RB
Dr. SV Bakre
b
L
RB
Practical # 1

Procedure
Record the beam length L in centimeters
Place the beam gently on the two dual spring
balances and record the initial readings at
both the balances in kg
Apply the loads W1 and W2 at distance a &
b from end A
Take final readings of spring balances
The difference of initial and final readings
gives the experimental values of reactions RA
and RB; while their theoretical values are
calculated as derived
Repeat the procedure by changing the values
of W1 & W2 and a & b
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Precautions
Before taking the readings
compress the beam and release
it for 1-2 minutes
Apparatus should be welllubricated
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 1

Observation Table
%Deviation
Theortical Re action Experimental Re action

x100
Theortical Re action
Average % derivation for RA = ____________ %, for RB = ____________ %
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2
Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces
Aim: To prove Law of Polygon of

Forces using Force Table
Apparatus: Universal Force Table,
Weights, Pans and Thread
Theory: Law of Polygon of Forces,
Proof and Analytical Solution
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Law of Polygon of Forces
If any number of forces acting on a particle
can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of a closed polygon
taken in order, then the particle will be in
equilibrium. Conversely, if any number of
forces acting on a particle keep it in
equilibrium, then a closed polygon can be
drawn whose sides represent these forces
both in magnitude and direction.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Proof
Suppose forces P, Q, R and S act on a
body keeping it in equilibrium. Take a
point O as origin and draw OA parallel
and equal to P to some scale. From A
draw AB parallel and equal to Q to the
same scale. The resultant of these two
forces will be represented by OB
according to law of triangle of forces.
From B draw BC parallel and equal to
R. Then OC will represent the resultant
of OB and R. From C draw CD parallel
and equal to S. Then OD will represent
the resultant of all the forces. If the
body is in equilibrium, this resultant
OD must be zero; i.e. O & D must
coincide or it must be a closed
polygon; as shown by the force or
vector diagram.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Analytical Solution
H = P + Q cos + R cos + S cos
V = Q sin + R sin + S sin
and resultant of all the forces will be
R H 2 V 2
at an angle,
tan 1
V
H
with the horizontal.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Apparatus
Pulleys
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Procedure
1. Fix a pulley with its index
mark on zero angle and
the other three with the
index marks making any
set of known angles ,
and with the first one.
2. Adjust the weights in the
pan / hangers to bring the
ring exactly at the center
(Concentric with the
central pivot).
Dr. SV Bakre
y
Q
S
y
Practical # 2

Precautions
1. The directions , and of the forces as observed
are correct only if the threads connecting the force to
the ring pass through centre of the table. For this the
ring should be exactly concentric with the central
pivot.
2. Pulleys should be friction less and the knots in the
threads if any should be fine.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 2

Observation Table
Graph paper has to be used to draw the vector diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Drawing Vector Diagram

Scale:
1cm = 1N
b
Q
P
a
P
d
Closed Polygon,
Particle is in
Equillibrium
Resultant
b
d
c
R
Force Diagram
Vector Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3
Verification of Lamis Theorem
Aim: To verify Lamis theorem using

Jib Crane
Apparatus: Jib Crane, Weights,
Measuring Scale
Theory: Lamis theorem, Proof of
Lamis theorem
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Lamis theorem
If three Coplanar forces acting on a
particle, keep it in equilibrium, then each
force is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two forces.
F3
F1
F2
Force Diagram
F3
F1
F2
sin sin sin
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Set-up
Spring Balance
Spring
Balance
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Procedure
1. Measure length of the post (Lv). Note initial readings
of the forces in the jib and the tie without loading.
2. Place a load (W) on the pan and note final readings
of the jib and tie forces.
3. Measure the lengths (Lt) and (Lj).
4. Complete the space and the force diagrams.
5. Measure angles , and from the diagram.
6. Measure ac and bc to get Pt and Pj graphically and
calculate the same by Lamis Theorem.
7. Repeat above procedure with different weights.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Precautions
1. Weights should be added gently
2. Apparatus should be well lubricated
3. Note the initial readings in Jib crane and
spring balance carefully.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Observation Table
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Analytical Calculations
L2j L2v L2t
Cos
2
L
L
j v
L2t L2j L2v

Cos
2
L
L
t j
2
2
2
L
v
t
j
1
Cos
2
L
L
v t
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 3

Graphical Solution
Scale:
1cm = 1/30 Units
b
Lv
a
Lt
Lj
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4
Analysis of Shear Leg Structure
Aim: To determine the forces in the

members of loaded shear-legs
space frame
Apparatus: Shear-Legs apparatus,
Weights, Measuring Scale
Theory: Background Information
about the experiment
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4

Background Information
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4

Apparatus
Spring Balance
Dr. SV Bakre
Spring
Balance
Practical # 4

Procedure
1. Note initial readings of the forces in the Shear Legs
and the Tie without loading, if any.
2. Note the lengths OD, OB and OC using Meter Rod.
3. Place a load (W) on the pan and note final readings
of the Shear Legs and Tie forces.
4. Measure the lengths AB, AC, AD and AO.
5. Repeat above procedure with different weights.
6. Complete the Force and the Space Diagrams.
7. Obtain the forces in the Shear Legs and Tie
graphically.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4

Precautions
1. Weights should be added gently
2. Apparatus should be well lubricated
3. Note the initial readings in Shear Legs and
Tie carefully.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4

Observation Table
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 4
Graphical Solution
Scale: 1cm = 1/30 Units
re
Di
ct
i on
e
rc
o
F
of
L
in
Tie
a
LOA
DA
LDO
O
Scale:
1cm =
1/30
Units
e
Dir
LBA
LCA
F2
LBC
e
orc
fF
no
ctio
of F
orc
eF
1
F12
Di r
e ct
io n
F3
Direction of F12
Scale: 1cm = 10 N
Dr. SV Bakre
Scale: 1cm = 10 N
F1
b
F12
F2
d
F2
F1
Practical # 5
Determination of Coefficient of Friction

between a Box and Inclined Plane
Aim: To determine the coefficient of

friction using inclined plane set-up
Apparatus: Inclined Plane Set-up,
Wooden, Glass and Steel Box, Cord,
Pan and Weights
Theory: What is Friction? Laws of
Friction, Formula
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

What is Friction?
When one body slides or tends to do so, on
the surface of another body, the opposing
force that is produced between the surfaces
of contact is Friction
Box
Force, P
Inclined Plane
Friction
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Coefficient of Friction
Frictional resistance along the Surface of contact is
proportional to the normal reaction on the Surface
FN
Or F = . N
Where, is Coefficient of Friction.
Box
Force, P
Inclined Plane
Frictional
Force (F)
Normal
Reaction (N)
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Laws of Friction
1. Frictional force value varies from zero to maximum value
and adjusts itself to resultant force tending to cause
motion.
2. The frictional force acting when the body tends to move is
called the static friction and when the motion occurs, the
frictional force is called kinetic friction.
3. Frictional force does not depend upon area of contact.
4. Frictional force acts tangentially to the surface of contact.
5. The angle between the resultant of the frictional force and
the normal reaction, with the normal reaction is called the
angle of friction.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Apparatus
Glass
Top Pl
ane
Angle Measurement
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Apparatus
Gla
ss
Top
Pla
ne
Box
Pan
Glass
Wood
Steel
Base of the Box
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Apparatus
The sliding body is a Box of Glass / Wood / Steel kept on a
glass plate.
The inclination can be adjusted to different values.
The weight (W) includes weight of the box and additional
weight kept in it.
The force (P) is applied through a string attached to the box,
passing over a pulley at top of the plane and carrying a
hanger / pan at its end; so that P = Weight of the pan plus
weights kept on it.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Procedure
1. Adjust the inclined plane at some suitable angle. Record it
as .
2. Record the weights of the box and the pan.
3. Put some weight in the box and record it as W (inclusive
of weight of box)
4. Add some weights to the pan till the box just starts
moving up. Record P (Inclusive of weight of pan )
5. Change the angle and repeat steps.
6. Repeat the procedure for the remaining boxes.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Precautions
1. Place the weights gently in the pan
2. Check the surface for horizontal level with spirit level and
apply correction to the inclination of the plane, if any.
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Observations
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 5

Theoretical value of
Forces parallel to plane = 0, i.e. Fx = 0
-W Sin + P - N = 0
(1)
Forces perpendicular to plane = 0, i.e. Fy = 0

-W Cos + N = 0
(2)
Putting for N from (2) in Eqn (1) and solving,
P W sin
W cos
x
F=.N
Dr. SV Bakre
FW
Practical # 6
Graphical Analysis of a Truss
Aim: To graphically determine

forces in various members of a
truss
Apparatus: Graph Paper, Colored
Pens/Pencils and drawing
instruments
Theory: Trusses, Applications,
Analysis Methods, Modeling of
Trusses, Graphical Method of
Analysis
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

What are Trusses?
Trusses are structural systems composed of individual
linear members, connected at their ends to other
members to form an assembly of triangles enclosed on
three sides by members. When load is applied to a
truss the joints (i.e., the vertices of the triangular
areas), each member within the truss is placed into a
state of pure tension or pure compression.
Compression
Tension
Truss
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

Applications
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

Analysis Methods
Analytical:
1) Method of Joints & 2) Method of Sections
Graphical:
Method of Joints
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

Graphical Method of Analysis
Similar to solving Concurrent Force System
E.g.: Law of Polygon of Forces, Lamis
Theorem
F3
F1
Lv
a
F2
Force Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Lt
Lj
Vector Diagram
Practical # 6

Given Truss
40 kN
60 kN
20 kN
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

Notations
B
40 kN
3
60 kN
2
R1
20 kN
G
8
I
J
7
E
K
6
Determine Unknown Reactions: R1 & R2

Space Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
5
R2
Practical # 6

Notations
B
40 kN
3
60 kN
2
R1
20 kN
G
8
I
J
7
E
K
6
Determine Unknown Reactions: R1 & R2

Space Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
5
R2
Practical # 6

Reactions
Scale: 1cm = 10 kN
a
R1
O
R2c
d
Funnicular Polygon
Vector Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
Practical # 6

Truss in Equillibrium
B
40 kN
3
60 kN
2
70 kN
20 kN
G
8
I
J
7
E
Space Diagram
Dr. SV Bakre
K
6
5
50 kN
Practical # 6

Determining Forces at Joint 1
F12
1
A
Scale:
1cm = 10 kN
F
F18
E
70 kN
Space Diagram
e
R1
a
Dr. SV Bakre
F18
F12
Practical # 6

Completed Example
Dr. SV Bakre

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Engineering Mechanics Lab

Instructor: Dr. S. V. Bakre

Determination of the Support Reactions of a Simply Supported Beam

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces using a Force Table

Verification of Lamis Theorem using Jib Crane

Analysis of a Shear Leg Structure

Determination of the Coefficient of Static and Rolling Friction for an

Analysis of Truss using Structural Mechanics Apparatus

Tension Test on a Mild Steel Specimen

Torsion Test on a Mild Steel Specimen

Determination of Maximum Bending Strength of a Wooden Block

Determination of Support Reactions of

Aim: To determine reactions at

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Support: Pin/Hinge

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Support: Fixed

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Beams: Simply Supported

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Beams: Cantilever

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Beams: SSB + Overhang

Determination of Support Reactions of

Types of Beams: Fixed and

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Solving (1) and (2),

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Determination of Support Reactions of

Theortical Re action Experimental Re action

Average % derivation for RA = ____________ %, for RB = ____________ %

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Aim: To prove Law of Polygon of

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

with the horizontal.

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Proving the Law of Polygon of Forces

Graph paper has to be used to draw the vector diagram

Drawing Vector Diagram

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Aim: To verify Lamis theorem using

Verification of Lamis Theorem

sin sin sin

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Verification of Lamis Theorem

L2t L2j L2v

Verification of Lamis Theorem

Analysis of Shear Leg Structure

Aim: To determine the forces in the

Analysis of Shear Leg Structure

Analysis of Shear Leg Structure

Average % derivation for RA = %, for RB = %