Course

Year

: I0262 Statistics Probability

: 2011

NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES

Meeting 3

Topic : Numerical descriptive

Measures
Measures of central Tendency
Variation and Shape
Numerical descriptive Measures for
a Population
Application in PH Stat Excel

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Learning Outcome
Identify basic statistics (data, sample,
population, symbolism, and definition)
Interpret the result of identify and the
calculation

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DEFINITION

The central tendency is the extent to which

all the data values group around a typical or
central value.
The variation is the amount of dispersion, or
scattering, of values
The shape is the pattern of the distribution of
values from the lowest value to the highest
value.
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3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

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Mean
Median
Mode
Quartiles

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A. Mean
. Population

xi x1 x2 ... x N

N
i 1 N
N

. Sample

xi x1 x2 ... xn
x
n
i 1 n
n

n = number of sample size

N = number of population size
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xi = observation

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Example : cost of a fast-food hamburger meal
City
Tokyo
London
New York
Sydney
Chicago
San
Francisco
Boston
Atlanta
Toronto
Rio de
Janeiro
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Hamburg
er
5.99
7.62
5.75
4.45
4.99
5.29
4.39
3.70
4.62
2.99

xi 5.99 7.62 ... 2.99

x
10
i 1 10
4,98
10

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

B. Median
Odd

median x( n 1) / 2

Even

1
median ( xn / 2 xn / 21 )
2
n = number of sample size
x= observations that have been sequenced
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3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Example : cost of a fast-food hamburger meal
Data sequence
City
Tokyo
London
New York
Sydney
Chicago
San
Francisco
Boston
Atlanta
Toronto
Rio de
Bina Nusantara
Janeiro

Hamburg
er
5.99
7.62
5.75
4.45
4.99
5.29
4.39
3.70
4.62
2.99

Hambur
1
median ( x10 / 2 x10 / 2 1 )
i
ger
2
1
2.99
1
2
3.70
( x5 x6 )
3
4.39
2
4
4.45
1

(4.62 4.99)
5
4.62
2
6
4.99
4.81
7
5.29
8
5.75
9
5.99
10
7.62

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

C. Mode/Modus
Is the value that occurs most often

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Mode =109

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6

No Mode

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

D. Quartiles
Quartiles split the ranked data into 4 segments with
an equal number of values per segment.

25
%

Q1

25
%

Q2

25
%

Q3

25
%

The first quartile, Q1, is the value for which 25% of the
observations are smaller and 75% are larger
Q2 is the same as the median (50% are smaller, 50% are
larger)
Only 25% of the values are greater than the third quartile

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3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

D. Quartiles
First quartile position:
value

Q1 = (n+1)/4 ranked

Second quartile position:

Third quartile position:
ranked value
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Q2 = median
Q3 = 3(n+1)/4

where n is the number of observed values

3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Example : cost of a fast-food hamburger meal
Data sequence
City
Tokyo
London
New York
Sydney
Chicago
San
Francisco
Boston
Atlanta
Toronto
Rio de
Bina Nusantara
Janeiro

Hamburg
er
5.99
7.62
5.75
4.45
4.99
5.29
4.39
3.70
4.62
2.99

Hambur
i
ger
1
2.99
2
3.70
3
4.39
4
4.45
5
4.62
6
4.99
7
5.29
8
5.75
9
5.99
10
7.62

Q1 = (n+1)/4 = 2.75 ~ 3

4.39
Q3 = 3(n+1)/4 = 8.25 ~ 9
5.99

jika Q bukan bernilai

integer maka dinaikkan
jika Q bernilai integer
maka p adalah rata-rata
nilai di posisi Q dan Q+1

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

Variation measures the spread, or dispersion, of
values in a data set.
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation

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3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

A. Range
. Simplest measure of variation
. Difference between the largest and the smallest
values:

Range = Xlargest Xsmallest

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Range = 13 - 1 = 12
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13 14

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

A. Range
Disantavages of range
. Ignores the way in which data are distributed
7

10

11

12

Range = 12 - 7 = 5

10

Range = 12 - 7 = 5

. Sensitive to outliers
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,5
Range = 5 - 1 = 4

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,120
Range = 120 - 1 = 119
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11

12

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

B. Interquartile Range
Problems caused by outliers can be eliminated by
using the interquartile range.
The IQR can eliminate some high and low values
and calculate the range from the remaining
values.

Interquartile range = Q3 Q1

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3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

C. Variance
The variance is the average (approximately) of
squared deviations of values from the mean.
Population
2

i 1

Sample

s
2

i 1

xi

xi x
n 1

= mean
n = sample size
Xi = ith value of the variable X
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3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

D. Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the root of variance
Population

i 1

Sample

s s2

i 1

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xi 2
N

xi x 2
n 1

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

D. Standard Deviation
Example : Computing variance and standard
deviation of cost of a fast-food hamburger meal
x
xi x xi x
2.99 -1.989 3.956121
3.70 -1.279 1.635841
4.39 -0.589 0.346921
4.45 -0.529 0.279841
4.62 -0.359 0.128881
4.99 0.011 0.000121
5.29 0.311 0.096721
5.75 0.771 0.594441
5.99 1.011 1.022121
7.62 2.641 6.974881

1.671
2

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x 4.98 2 n x x 2
s i
1.671
n 10
n 1
i 1
s 1.671 1.293

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

E. Coefficient of Variance
The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation
divided by the mean, multiplied by 100.
It is always expressed as a percentage. (%)
It shows variation relative to mean.
The CV can be used to compare two or more sets of
data measured in different units.

S
CV
X
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100%

3.2 MEASURES OF VARIATION

Comparing mean, variance, standard deviation, and CV
Data A
11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 21

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Cv = 0.215

20 21

Mean = 15.5
s = 0.9258
Cv = 0,060

20 21

Mean = 15.5
s = 4.57
Cv = 0,295

Data B
11 12

Mean = 15.5
s = 3.338

Data C

11 12
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13

14

15

16

17

18

19

3.3 APPLICATION IN PH STAT EXCEL

Menu : Data> Data Analysis

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3.3 APPLICATION IN PH STAT EXCEL

Input Range : Column Hamburger Data
Click Summary Statistics

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3.3 APPLICATION IN PH STAT EXCEL

Output

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EXERCISES
1. Calculate the mean, median, quartile, and variance from
this data
Number
Motion picture
Coach Carter
Ladies in Lavender
Batman Begins
Unleashed
Pretty P
Fever P
Harry P & the Goblet
of Fire
Monster in Law
White Noise
Mr. & Mrs. Smith
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Opening
Gross
Sales
29.17
0.15
48.75
10.9
0.06
12.4
102.69
23.11
24.11
50.34

Total
of
Gross
Theater
Sales
s
67.25
2574
6.65
119
205.28
3858
24.47
1962
0.23
24
42.01
3275
287.18
82.89
55.85
186.22

3858
3424
2279
3451

Weeks
in Top
60
16
22
18
8
4
14
13
16
7
21

THANK YOU

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