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Welcome to

BIOCHEMISTRY 2

Biochemistry 2-0

Introduction to
Metabolism

Cellular Respiration

Biochemical Standard states


In

chemistry, the defined


concentration for solutions at
standard conditions is 1.0 M

For

[H+}, this would translate to a


pH of 1.00

In

the cell, the normal pH is around


neutral

Biochemical Standard
States
For

biochemical practice, a modified


standard state is defined in which
[H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M

calculated using this is termed as

spoken as delta G zero prime

Biochemical Standard
States
Calculate
ATP
If

G for the reaction:

+ H2O ADP + Pi + H+

the Keq for the reaction at pH 7


and 25C is 2.23 x 105

Metabolism
METABOLISM

the sum total of all


biochemical reactions in an organism

CATABOLISM

breakdown of larger
molecules to smaller ones

ANABOLISM

synthesis of
biomolecules from simpler
compounds

Catabolism vs Anabolism
Catabolism

and anabolism are


separate pathways they are not
simply the reverse of each other

Catabolism

is an oxidative process
which releases energy

Anabolism

is a reductive process
which requires energy

Metabolism
For

photosynthetic organisms, the


ultimate energy source is radiant
energy from the sun

But

there are some bacteria which


can oxidize inorganic materials to
produce ATP

*Life

has many variations

Redox in Metabolism
In

many of biological redox reactions,


it is the oxidation state of the carbon
atom which changes

Most

reduced to most oxidized:

Alcohol Aldehyde
Carboxylic Acid Carbon Dioxide

Alkane

Redox in Metabolism
Some

coenzymes function through


redox mechanisms

Examples:

NAD+ + H+ + 2eFADH2 FAD + 2H+ + 2e-

NADH

Redox in Metabolism
Oxidation

of nutrients to provide
energy for an organism cannot take
place without reduction of some
electron acceptor

In

catabolism, metabolites are


oxidized and coenzymes are reduced
In anabolism, metabolites are
reduced and coenzymes are oxidized

Redox in Metabolism
In

the following reactions, identify


the substance oxidized, the
substance reduced, the oxidizing
agent, and the reducing agent.

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Lactate


+ NAD+
(b) Malate + NAD+ Oxaloacetate +
NADH + H+
(a)

ATP
ATP

can be hydrolyzed easily, and this


reaction releases energy

Formation

of ATP is intimately linked


with the release of energy from
oxidation of nutrients

Coupling

of energy-producing reactions
and energy-requiring reactions is a
central feature in metabolism

ATP

ATP
ATP

+ H2O ADP + Pi + H+

= -30.5 kJ/mol

Which

is more stable, ATP or ADP?

Repulsion,

resonance, and availability

Organophosphates
Compound

G (kJ/mol)

Phosphoenolpyruvate

-61.9

Carbamoyl phosphate

-51.4

Creatine phosphate

-43.1

ATP (to ADP)

-30.5

Glucose-1-phosphate

-20.9

Glucose-6-phosphate

-12.5

ATP
The

energy of hydrolysis of ATP is


not stored energy. ATP must be
produced when they are needed.

When

chemical energy is stored, it is


usually in the form of fats and CHOs
which are metabolized as needed

Coupling
2 Lactate
= -184.5 kJ/mol

Glucose

2 ADP
G =
What

+ 2 Pi 2 ATP
+61.0 kJ/mol

is the overall reaction and the


overall G?

Coupling
+ 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
G = -2867 kJ/mol
Glucose

32 ADP + 32 Pi 32
G = +976 kJ/mol
What

ATP

is the overall reaction and the


overall G?

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