Power Quality of a Solar

Electric Vehicle Charging

Station

Laura Novoa
October 2nd, 2015
Lab Meeting

Agenda
Motivation
Overview of Car-Shade EV Charging
Station
Objectives
Results of Power Quality Analysis
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

2/28

Motivation
January
October
2015
2015

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

3/28

Car Shade System Overview

UCI
Microgrid

Car Shade
Nanogrid
Switchgear
480 V

12 kV

Inverter
100
kW

20 EV
Level 2 - 7.2 KVA
Chargers

208 V (Dual-Phase)

Battery

PV Array

100 kW/100kWh 48 kW

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

4/28

Car Shade System Overview

Rooftop
Solar PV

Charging Stations
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

Battery
Enclosure

Battery and Controls

5/28

EV Charging Grid Impacts

AC to DC conversion in a
Rectifier
AC Charger

Rectifier

DC Battery

Harmonics

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

6/28

Harmonics - What are they?

Distorted Voltage

Distorted
Current

Grid
(source
)

Impedance
EV Charger
Ohms Law(non-linear load)

Dugan, 1996
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

7/28

Harmonics - What are they?

Individual Harmonics Orders
FUND

Distorted
Waveform
(combined
harmonics)

3rd
Fourier
Transform

5th
7th
9th
11th
13th

Dugan, 1996
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

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Harmonics - Why care?

A generic distorted current with 3rd harmonic

3A extra need to
be supplied!

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

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Standards How much is too much?

Voltage: Total Harmonic

Distortion

IEEE 519

Thou Shalt
Current:
Total
Demand
Not
Mess
Up
Distortion

Thy
Neighbors
Line
VOLTAGE
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

10/28

Car Shade Power Quality Survey

Car Shade Nanogrid

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

11/28

Objectives of Power Quality Survey

1. Characterize Power Quality at the Car
Shade nanogrid
IEEE 519-1992 THDv limits

2. Validate ETAP harmonic flow model

Defined characteristic harmonic spectrum for different
EV models
Harmonic sources are modelled as current sources
Voltage Harmonics will vary according to the system
impedance

3. Harmonic Cancellation

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

12/28

Power Quality at the Car Shade

Nanogrid

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

13/28

Current Harmonics (Amps)

Measured Current - Individual Harmonic Orders (3rd
to 50th)
4

Memorial Day weekend

Amps

3
2
1
0
A ITHDRss (avg)
A I HG11 (avg)
A I HG21 (avg)
A I HG31 (avg)
A I HG41 (avg)
05/19/2015
Tues day

05/20/2015
Wednes day

A I HG03 (avg)
A I HG13 (avg)
A I HG23 (avg)
A I HG33 (avg)
A I HG43 (avg)
05/21/2015
Thursday

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

A I HG05 (avg)
A I HG15 (avg)
A I HG25 (avg)
A I HG35 (avg)
A I HG45 (avg)
05/22/2015
Friday

A I HG07 (avg)
A I HG17 (avg)
A I HG27 (avg)
A I HG37 (avg)
A I HG47 (avg)

05/23/2015
Saturday

05/24/2015
Sunday

A I HG09 (avg)
A I HG19 (avg)
A I HG29 (avg)
A I HG39 (avg)
A I HG49 (avg)
05/25/2015
Monday

05/26/2015
Tuesday

14/28

Current TDD
95% Current Total Demand Distortion (TDD) and Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)
6.00

IEEE 519 -1992

Limits
TDD
<5%
< 11th
<4%
11th -17th
<2%

5.00
4.00
% IL3.00 2.84
2.00

0.89

1.00
0.00

1.81

1.53

TDD

3rd

5th

0.52
7th

9th

1.00

11th

0.50 0.30
13th 15th
Individual Harmonic
Orders

No individual harmonic orders registered or magnitudes above

the recommended by IEEE 519-1992
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

15/28

Voltage THD
3.25

Measured Voltage - Total Harmonic

Distortion (THD)

3.00
2.75
2.50
2.25
A VThd (avg)

B VThd (avg)

C VThd (avg)

Amps

4
3
2
1
A ITHDRss (avg)
05/19/2015
Tuesday

05/20/2015
Wednesday

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

05/21/2015
Thursday

B ITHDRss (avg)

05/22/2015
Friday

05/23/2015
Saturday

C ITHDRss (avg)
05/24/2015
Sunday

05/25/2015
Monday

05/26/2015
16/28
Tuesday

Voltage THD
95% Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)
IEEE
519 -1992

Limits
< 5%
< 3%

5.00
4.00
3.00

3.12

THDv and IHDv (%FUND)

2.00

1.98

2.24
1.03

1.00

0.20

0.10

0.00

THD

3rd
13th

0.52

5th
15th

7th

0.07
9th

11th

Individual Harmonic
Orders

No individual harmonic orders registered or magnitudes above

the recommended by IEEE 519-1992
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

17/28

Model a characteristic Harmonic input

profile for different EV models

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

18/28

Nissan Leaf - Charging Current

Harmonics
Time plot

Ev ent De tails/Waveforms

50

30

Amps

15

REGION 1
THDi =
(14.37%)
0.9 A Charging harmonic

10
5
0

1.25

Amps

1.00

(3.1%)
09:30
05/19/2015
Tuesday

10:00

Time
A Irmplot
s (avg)

10:30

11:00

11:30

25
Amps

REGION 2
THDi =
1.26 A

20

REGION 3
THDi = 0.7
A
(20.97%)

0
-25
-50

Event De tails/Wave forms

AI
BI
15
currents arent
constant,
10:19:59.87
10:19:59.88
10
05/19/2015
thus:
Tuesday

10:19:59.89

10:19:59.90

12:00

12:30

Amps

25

Event #181 at 05/19/2015 10:19:59.800

Timed

Maximum (worst case) harmonics

currents
-5
are considered for modelling
each EV type
-10
Event #177 at 05/19/2015 09:39:59.800
Timed

-15

0.75

AI

BI

Ev ent De tails/Wave forms

0.50

11:19:59.87

1.5 05/19/2015

11:19:59.88

11:19:59.89

11:19:59.90

Tuesday
1.0

0.25

Event #187 at 05/19/2015 11:19:59.800

Timed

0.5

A ITHDRss (avg)
A I HG07 (avg)
A I HG13 (avg)
09:30
05/19/2015
Tuesday

10:00

A I HG03 (avg)
A I HG09 (avg)
A I HG15 (avg)
10:30

11:00

Amps

0.00
A I HG05 (avg)
A I HG11 (avg)

0.0
-0.5
-1.0

11:30

12:00

12:30

AI
11:59:59.84
05/19/2015

Event #177 at 05/19/2015 09:39:59.800

Timed

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

11:59:59.85

BI

11:59:59.86

11:59:59.87

Event #191 at 05/19/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

19/28

11:59:59.88

Tesla - Charging Current Harmonics

Time plot
30
25

THD =
1.7A
(5.8%)

Amps

20
15
10

Event De tails/Wave forms

50

5
0

25

C Irms (avg)
16:00

17:00

18:00

Timeplot

19:00

20:00

Amps

15:00
05/20/2015
Wednesday

Event #369 at 05/20/2015 16:19:59.800

Timed

-25

1.0

-50

Amps

1.5

CI
17:39:59.88
05/20/2015

0.5

17:39:59.89

DI
17:39:59.90

Event #377 at 05/20/2015 17:39:59.800

Timed

0.0
C ITHDRss (avg)
C I HG11 (avg)
15:00
05/20/2015
Wednesday

16:00

C I HG03 (avg)
C I HG13 (avg)

C I HG05 (avg)
C I HG15 (avg)

17:00

18:00

C I HG07 (avg)
19:00

C I HG09 (avg)
20:00

Event #369 at 05/20/2015 16:19:59.800

Timed

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

20/28

17:39:59.91

Current Harmonics Input Different EVs

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) (%FUND)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
% FUND
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

Recall:
IEEE Std 519-1992
Individual Harmonic Order
<4% for < 11th
<2% for 11th 17th
4.0
Single charging events present a higher
distortion

Volt

Harmonic Cancellation takes place

when a
2.0
group of EVs is charging together

Spark

11

13

Leaf
Tesla
Soul
BMW
Mercedes
Prius

15

Harmonic Order

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

21/28

Current Harmonics Cancellation

Cancellation is related to harmonic currents phase
angles
Total cancellation occurs when there is a 180 phase
shift.
Loads such as Electric Vehicles have similar
harmonic inputs,
but when diversified across the phases, harmonics
cancellation will happen.

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

22/28

Current Harmonics Cancellation

4.5
4

Amps

Phase A at T1 Secondary

3.5

AI HG03Max[Amps]

AI HG05Max[Amps]

2.5

AI HG01Max[Amps]

120

3rd
80%

100

3rd
17%
5th
70%

5th
10%

1.5
1

Amps
60
40
20

0.5
0
6000

80

EVSE 10
LEAF

T5/22/15
: EVSE 03
7:12
(W)
5/22/15 9:36
5/22/15 12:00
5/22/15 14:24
5/22/15 16:48
5/22/15 6:00T: EVSE 08 (W)5/22/15 8:24
5/22/15 10:48
5/22/15 13:12
5/22/15Leaf
15:36connected
3 @10:40
EVSE Nissan
5000
EVSE 10 (AB)
T: EVSE 02 (W)
@14:30 Nissan Leaf
No other EVSE disconnected
T: EVSE 07 (W)
4
4000
connected EVSE 3 (AB)
T: EVSE 10 (W)

EVSE

Power (W)

3000
2000

At this time, EVSEs 2, 3, and 7 were

A) time, EVSEs 2, and 7
EVSE 3being used (phase
At this
were being used (phase A)
LEAF

1000
0

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

23/28

Comparing: EVSE 8 (Leaf 1) and EVSE 6

(Leaf 2)

Different charging events will have different

phase angles
Good for cancellation!
Bad for modelling: No characteristic phase
angles
Strategy: Did not model phase angles on
ETAP model, but calibrate it to reflect
cancellation

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

24/28

ETAP Model THDv Results

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

25/28

Summary
Power Quality at the Car Shade
and thresholds are not exceeded at the PCC

Phase angle diversity at the Car Shade

allows for significant harmonic
cancellation
Beneficial to Power Quality

ETAP model validated

Calculated total voltage distortion at upstream buses
in the system
Expansion effects (Future work)

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

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Acknowledgements
Professor Samuelsen
Professor Brouwer
SCE and ETAP staff
APEP Family
Brazil SWB scholarship

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

27/28

Questions?

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

28/28

Backup Slides

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

29/28

PQ Events at the Car Shade

Impulsive transients (microseconds)
150
100
Volts

50

Precisely at 6:07
Nissan Leaf connects to
EVSE 1 (CB)

0
-50
-100
-150
AV
06:07:51.235
05/21/2015
Thursday

BV

CV

06:07:51.240

DV
06:07:51.245

Event #453 at 05/21/2015 06:07:51.233

BV Mult Z Cr Impulse

Oscillatory
Ev ent De tails/Wave
forms
transients
150
100
Volts

50

Precisely at 7:20
Spark connects to EVSE 10
(AB)

0
-50
-100
-150
AV
07:19:59.85
05/21/2015
Thursday

BV

07:19:59.86

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

CV
07:19:59.87

30/28

Chevy Volt - Charging Current

Time plot
30
25

15

Ev ent De tails/Wave forms

THD = 1.0
A
(6.8%)

10
5
0

30
20
10

C Irm s (avg)
09:00
05/21/2015
Thursday

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

Timeplot

-20
-30

0.75
Amps

0
-10

Event #389 at 05/20/2015 19:39:59.800

Timed

1.00

Amps

Amps

20

CI
12:09:59.88
05/21/2015

0.50

12:09:59.89

DI

12:09:59.90

12:09:59.91

Event #501 at 05/21/2015 12:09:59.800

Timed

0.25

0.00
C ITHDRss (avg)
C I HG11 (avg)
09:30
10:00
05/21/2015
Thursday

C I HG03 (avg)
C I HG13 (avg)

C I HG05 (avg)
C I HG15 (avg)

10:30

11:30

11:00

12:00

C I HG07 (avg)
12:30

13:00

C I HG09 (avg)
13:30

14:00

Event #389 at 05/20/2015 19:39:59.800

Timed

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

31/28

12:09:59.92

BMW i3 Charging Current Harmonics

Time plot
35

Ev ent De tails/Waveforms

30
50

THD = 1.3
A
(6.8%)

20
15
10

25
0

Amps

Amps

25

-25

0
-5

-50

C Irm s (avg)
10:20
10:40
05/22/2015
Friday

11:00

11:20

11:40

12:00

12:20

CI

12:40

Timeplot

11:29:59.84
05/22/2015
Friday

Event #1 at 05/18/2015 15:01:20.516

Waveforms

11:29:59.86

11:29:59.87

Ev ent
Deattails/Wave
forms
Event #651
05/22/2015 11:29:59.800
Timed

1.25

30

1.00

20

0.75

10
Amps

Amps

11:29:59.85

DI

0.50

0
-10

0.25

-20

0.00

-30

C ITHDRss (avg)
C I HG07 (avg)
C I HG13 (avg)

C I HG03 (avg)
C I HG09 (avg)
C I HG15 (avg)

10:20 10:40 11:00 11:20 11:40

05/22/2015
Friday
Advanced Power and Energy Program
2015 15:01:20.516
Event #1 at 05/18/2015

CI

C I HG05 (avg)
C I HG11 (avg)
12:00

12:20

11:59:59.88
05/22/2015
Friday

12:40

DI

11:59:59.89

11:59:59.90

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

32/28

11:59:59.91

Kia Soul Charging Current Harmonics

Time plot
40

Amps

30

Ev ent De tails/Wave forms

THD = 2.0
A
(6.7%)

20
10

50
25
Amps

0
-10
A Irm s (avg)
10:00 10:30
05/20/2015
Wednes day

11:00

11:30

12:00

12:30

0
-25

13:00

13:30

14:00

14:30

-50

Time plot

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

AI

2.0

12:09:59.90
05/20/2015
Wednesday

Amps

1.5

12:09:59.91

BI
12:09:59.92

12:09:59.93

Event #344 at 05/20/2015 12:09:59.800

Timed

1.0
0.5
0.0
A ITHDRs s (avg)
A I HG07 (avg)
A I HG13 (avg)
10:00 10:30
05/20/2015
Wednes day

11:00

A I HG03 (avg)
A I HG09 (avg)
A I HG15 (avg)
11:30

12:00

A I HG05 (avg)
A I HG11 (avg)
12:30

13:00

13:30

14:00

14:30

Event #654 at 05/22/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

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Mercedes EV Charging Current

Harmonics
Time plot
30
25

Amps

20

Ev ent De tails/Wave forms

THD = 2.0
A
(6.7%)

15
10
5

50

25

12:00
12:30
05/21/2015
Thursday

13:00

13:30

14:00

14:30

15:00

15:30

Amps

A Irm s (avg)
16:00

-25

Time plot

Event #343 at 05/20/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

2.0

-50
AI

Amps

1.5

12:59:59.87
05/21/2015
Thursday

1.0

12:59:59.88

BI

12:59:59.89

12:59:59.90

Event #506 at 05/21/2015 12:59:59.800

Timed

0.5

0.0
A ITHDRs s (avg)
A I HG09 (avg)
12:00
12:30
05/21/2015
Thursday

A I HG03 (avg)
A I HG11 (avg)
13:00

13:30

A I HG05 (avg)
A I HG13 (avg)
14:00

14:30

A I HG07 (avg)
A I HG15 (avg)
15:00

15:30

16:00

Event #343 at 05/20/2015 11:59:59.800

Timed

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

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Toyota Prius Charging Current

Harmonics
Time plot

10.0

Ev ent De tails/Wave forms

20

THD = 0.4
A

5.0

10
Amps

Amps

7.5

(12.3%)

2.5

-10

-20
CI

0.0

07:39:59.88
05/28/2015
Thursday

C Irms (avg)
06:45 07:00
05/28/2015
Thursday

07:15

07:30

07:45

08:00

08:15

08:30

08:45

07:39:59.91

Ev
ent De tails/Wave forms
Event #271 at 05/28/2015 07:39:59.800

5.0

Amps

2.5

0.3
Amps

07:39:59.90

Timed

Time plot
Event #1 at 05/26/2015 12:04:45.966
Waveforms

0.4

DI

07:39:59.89

0.0
-2.5

0.2

-5.0
CI

0.1

08:09:59.85
05/28/2015
Thursday

-0.0

08:09:59.86

08:09:59.87

DI
08:09:59.88

08:09:59.89

Event #274 at 05/28/2015 08:09:59.800

Timed

C ITHDRss (avg)
C I HG07 (avg)
C I HG13 (avg)

C I HG03 (avg)
C I HG09 (avg)

C I HG05 (avg)
C I HG11 (avg)

06:45 07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45

05/28/2015
Thursday
Event #1 at 05/26/2015
Advanced Power and Energy Program
201512:04:45.966
Waveforms

35/28

Current Harmonic Phasors Nissan Leaf

1 - EVSE 6

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

36/28

UCI
Microgrid

Car Shade
Nanogrid
Switchgear
480 V

12 kV

Inverter
100
kW

20 EV
Level 2 - 7.2 KVA
Chargers

208 V (Dual-Phase)

Battery

PV Array

100 kW/100kWh 48 kW

Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

37/28

12 kV

Car Shade
Nanogrid
Switchgear

480 V

Inverter
100
kW

Battery

100 kW/100kWh
Advanced Power and Energy Program 2015

20 EV
Level
2 - 7.2 KVA
Chargers

208 V (Dual-Phase)

PV Array
48 kW

38/28