Chapter 13

HW
Honors

When I let go of what I am,

I become what I might be
Laozi

Electronegativity and Bond

Polarity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atoms
attraction for e in a bond.
It tells how much a particular atom wants e.

Copyright 2001 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Electronegativity and Bond

Polarity
If the electronegativities of two bonded atoms
are equal or similar, the bond is nonpolar.

The electrons in the bond are being shared

equally (?) between the two atoms.

Polar Molecules

Copyright 2001 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Molecular Shape

Molecular Shape

Polarity of Molecules

10

e
k
i
l
s
e
v
l
o
s
s
i
d
e
Lik

11

Heats of Solution and Solution Cycles

solute (aggregated) + heat

solvent (aggregated) + heat

Hsolute > 0

solute (separated)

solvent (separated)

solute (separated) + solvent (separated)

Hsolvent > 0

solution + heat

Hsoln = Hsolute + Hsolvent + Hmix

Hsoln = Hlattice + Hhydr
12

Hmix < 0

Equilibrium in a
saturated solution.

solute (undissolved)

solute (dissolved)
13

Sodium acetate crystallizing from a supersaturated

solution.

14

The relation between solubility and

temperature for several ionic compounds.

15

The effect of pressure on gas

solubility.

16

Henrys law
Sgas = kH x Pgas
The solubility of a gas (Sgas) is directly proportional to
the partial pressure of the gas (Pgas) above the solution.

17

Using Henrys Law to Calculate Gas Solubility

PROBLEM: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas inside
a bottle of cola is 4 atm at 25oC. What is the
solubility of CO2? The Henrys law constant for
CO2 dissolved in water is 3.3 x 10-2 mol/Latm at
25oC.
SOLUTION:
S

CO2

= (3.3 x 10-2 mol/Latm)(4 atm) = 0.1 mol/L

18

19

Concentration Units
Molarity
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution, abbreviated as M.

moles
molesof
of solute
solute(mol)
(mol)
Molarity = M =
liter
liter of
of solution
solution(L)
(L)

20

Concentration Units - Molarity

PROBLEM:

Calculate the molarity of a solution made

from 20.0 g of NaOH in 250 mL of solution.

20.0 g NaOH
250 mL solution

? M (mol/L)
desired quantity

known quantities

20.0 g NaOH

250 mL solutionx

M =

1 mol
40.0 g NaOH

0.500 mol NaOH

1L
1000 mL

0.25 L solution

moles of solute (mol)

0.500 mol NaOH
V (L)
0.25 L solution
21

Concentration Units - Molarity

PROBLEM:

What volume in milliliters of a 0.30 M solution of

glucose contains 0.025 mol of glucose?

0.30 M
0.025 mol glucose

? V(L)

known quantities

desired quantity

0.025 mol glucose

1 L solution
0.30 mol glucose

1000 mL
1L

83 mL solution

22

Concentration Units
Molality
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of
solution, abbreviated as m.

moles
molesof
of solute
solute(mol)
(mol)
Molality = m =
kg
kgof
of solvent
solvent (kg)
(kg)

23

Calculating Molality
PROBLEM:

SOLUTION:

What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 32.0 g

of CaCl2 in 271 g of water?

32.0 g CaCl2 x
271 g H2O

mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2
1 kg
103 g

0.288 mol CaCl2

= 0.288 mol CaCl2

= 0.271 kg H2O

= 1.06 m CaCl2

0.271 kg H2O

24

Concentration Units
Parts Per Million
When a solution contains a very small concentration
of solute, it is often expressed in parts per million.

ppm

mass of solute (g)

mass of solution (g)

106

or
ppm

volume of solute (mL)

volume of solution (mL)

25

106

i-clicker
A sample of seawater contains 1.3 g of
calcium ions in 3,100 kg of solution. What
is the calcium ion concentration of this
solution in units of ppm?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

4.2 x 10-4 ppm Ca2+ ions

0.42 ppm Ca2+ ions
420 ppm Ca2+ ions
4.0 ppm Ca2+ ions
4.0 x 103 ppm Ca2+ ions

26