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DEFINITIONS
Air Conditioning
Process
Environmental
requirements of the
conditioned space may be determined
by human occupancy as related to
comfort and health, a process, or a
product.
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Energy
The
Either
Forms
Heat
Energy
PRINCIPLE ONE
Heat
ALWAYS flows
from hot to cold
when objects are in
contact or connected
by a good heat
conductor.
The rate of heat
transfer will increase
as the difference in
temp between the
two objects increases
PRINCIPLE TWO
Cold
objects have
less heat than hot
objects of the same
mass.
To make a object
colder, remove heat
To make it
hotter, add heat.
The mass of the
object remains the
same regardless of
the heat content.
EVAPORATION
The
PRINCIPLE THREE
Everything
is composed of matter
All matter exists in one of three
states: solid, liquid or vapor.
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION:
When matter changes from liquid to
vapor or vice versa, it absorbs or
releases a relatively large amount of
heat without a change in
temperature.
Sensible Heat
Heat
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Latent Heat
Heat
Two
MBH
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BTU
is a heat quantity
measure.
BTU is the quantity of heat
needed to raise the
temperature of 1 lb. of
water one degree
Fahrenheit.
Vaporization: Will absorb
more than five times
amount of heat.
1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr.
12,000 BTU/hr =
3,516Watts or 3.516 kW
(kilo-Watts).
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PRINCIPLE FOUR
CONDENSATION
When a vapor is
cooled below its
dew point, it
becomes a liquid.
(boiling point in
reverse)
When vapor
condenses,
releases five times
as much heat
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Changing
the
pressure on a liquid
or a vapor changes
the boiling point.
Each lb. of pressure
above atmospheric
pressure, raises the
boiling point about
three degrees
Fahrenheit.
PRINCIPLE SIX
When
a vapor is
compressed, its
temperature and
pressure will
increase even
though heat has
not been added.
HEAT TRANSFER/
HEAT GENERATION
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Heat Transfer
Movement
Usually
Based
Heat
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Heat
Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Resistance
(R-Value)
=1/R
= U x A x T
Usually
Conduction
Conduction
Convection
Convection
If
If
Radiation
Radiation
Radiant
All
The
CONDUCTION,CONVECTION &
RADIATION
SPECIFIC HEAT
The
Materials
SENSIBLE HEAT
Any
PRESSURE
Pressure:
A force
exerted per unit of
surface area.
Atmospheric
Pressure: 21%
Oxygen 78%
Nitrogen 1% other
gases
Atmospheric pressure
is 14.696 psia
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Service
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
At
Pressure Increase
A
Pressure
increase also
raises the boiling
point of water.
For every 1 PSI of
pressure increase,
the boiling point
raises 2.53
degrees Fahrenheit
If
Result of controlling
Pressure
PSYCHROMETRICS
REFER TO NEXT PPT
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Building
envelope construction
Interior
space arrangement
Design
and outdoor
Zoning
criteria
Equipment
Control
methodologies
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TERMINOLOGY
Commonly used terms relative to heat
transmission and load calculations are defined
below in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 1275, Refrigeration Terms and Definitions.
Space is either a volume or a site without a
partition or a partitioned room or group of
rooms.
Room is an enclosed or partitioned space
that is usually treated as single load.
Zone is a space or group of spaces within a
building with heating and/or cooling
requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort
conditions can be maintained throughout by a 42
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e. How much air leaks into indoor space from the outside?
Infiltration plays a part in determining our air conditioner sizing.
Door gaps, cracked windows, chimneys - are the "doorways" for
air to enter from outside, into your living space.
f. The occupants. It takes a lot to cool a town hall full of people.
g. Activities and other equipment within a building. Cooking?
Hot bath? Gymnasium?
h. Amount of lighting in the room. High efficiency lighting
fixtures generate less heat.
i. How much heat the appliances generate. Number of power
equipments such as oven, washing machine, computers, TV
inside the space; all contribute to heat.
The air conditioner's efficiency, performance, durability, and
cost depend on matching its size to the above factors. Many
designers use a simple square foot method for sizing the air-
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B)
C)
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primary purpose of the heating and airconditioning system is to maintain the space
in a comfortable and healthy condition.
This is generally accomplished by maintaining
the dry-bulb temperature and the relative
humidity within an acceptable range.
The HVAC Applications Volume of the ASHRAE
Handbook gives recommendations for indoor
design conditions for specific comfort as well
as industrial applications.
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Temperature
centigrade
Relative Humidity 30 -70 %
Out side and Inside
A man in outdoor needs to adjust
himself with his clothing and whims
of nature.
A man inside shelter We can control
his comfort .
HOW ?
ANSI
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Transmission Coefficient(U-Factor)
The
H = U x A x T
H = heat loss, BTU/hr
A = surface area of element, sf
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/ hr sf F
T = design dry bulb temperature difference
between indoors and outdoors, F
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD)
Equivalent temperature difference used for
calculating the instantaneous external cooling
load across a wall or roof.
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H = U x A x T
H = heat gain, BTU/hr
A = surface area of element, sf
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/
hr sf F
T = cooling load temperature difference,
F
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H = U x A x T
H = heat gain, BTU/hr
A = surface area of element, sf
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/ hr sf F
T = cooling load temperature difference, F
H = A x SC x SCL
H = heat gain, BTU/hr
SC = shading coefficient
SCL = solar cooling load factor
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Typical
Application
Sensible
(BTU/hr)
Latent
(BTU/hr)
Seated at rest
Theater
210
140
190
Seated, eating
Restaurant
255
325
Offices
255
255
315
325
Factory
345
435
Factory
345
695
Bowling
Bowling alley
345
625
Factory
565
1035
Heavy work
Gymnasium
635
1165
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Energy Saving
Opportunities
Change
Improve
Low-e coatings
A.
B.
C.
L.
Example problem
Example problem
Internal
loads:
Infiltration:
Example solution
Identify the major single contributor to the cooling load and do the
calculation for the hour when the maximum cooling load for this
contributor appear.
total =
at 12 am
Roof gains = A x U x TETD = 900 ft2 x 0.12 Btu/hFft2 x 30 F = 3.2 kBtu/h
Window solar gains = A x SC x SHGF =80 ft2 x 0.71 x 109 Btu/hft2 = 6.2 kBtu/h
9.4 kBtu/h
total=
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The
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Under Continuous
Maintenance
The
1989 Edition:
Increased minimum outdoor air requirements for ventilation
[Response to growing number of buildings with apparent IAQ
problems]
Office 5 cfm/person to 20 cfm/person
2004 Edition:
Changed the ventilation rate procedure to include the
summation of two components: the occupant-density related
component, and the area related component
Changed the ventilation rates in Table 6-1 to apply to nonsmoking spaces
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Significant Changed
contd
2004 contd:
Added classification of air with respect to
contaminant and odor intensity, and established
guidelines for recirculation
2007 Edition:
Updated information in Table 4-1 National
primary ambient air quality standards for outdoor
air as set by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Added Section 5.18 Requirements for buildings
containing ETS areas and ETS-free areas (ETSEnvironmental Tobacco Smoke)
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IAQ Procedure
This is a design procedure in which outdoor air
intake rates and other system design
parameters are based on an analysis of
contaminant concentration targets, and
perceived acceptability targets
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62.1-2007
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62.1-2007
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NCSBC
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NCSBC
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Noteworthy Energy
Conservation Considerations
CO2
Air-to-air
energy recovery
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Energy Conservation
Imperative
Ongoing
effective maintenance
program for equipment and controls
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Commentary
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Code
Adoption
Standard 62.1 is voluntary until adopted by
code or other regulation
Code adoption is often delayed due to time
required to be accepted and integrated
into the model codes, as then accepted
and adopted by the local codes
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Energy Saving
Opportunities
Apply
Apply
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VAPOR
COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
CYCLE
10
Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
Evaporation:
Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
Components
EVAPORATOR
10
EVAPORATOR
CHILLED WATER
10
ENERGY USAGE
HVAC SYSTEMS
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Developing an HVAC
System
Basic System Requirements
Provide
heating
Modulate heating to satisfy variations in load
Provide cooling
Modulate cooling to satisfy variations in load
Provide adequate ventilation
Provide air cleaning (filtration)
Control humidity (humidify/dehumidify)
Integrate with other building systems
10
Developing an HVAC
System
Control Requirements
Occupant Comfort
Clean Air / Ventilation
Product / Process Requirements
Equipment
Fuctionality
Initial Cost
Operating Cost
Maintenance Cost
10
Systems
Air-and-Water
All-Water
Unitary
Systems
Systems
Air Conditioners
10
Air-and-Water System
Conditions the spaces by distributing air and water
sources to terminal units installed in habitable space
throughout a building
The air and water are cooled or heated in central
mechanical equipment rooms
The air supplied is called primary air, the water
supplied is called secondary water
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Unitary System
Packaged air conditioning units with integral
refrigeration cycles
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All-Air Systems
Single
zone draw-through
Constant
Dual-duct
Multizone
Variable
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Modes:
Free Cooling
Economy Refrigeration
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2.
3.
Fan Problem
An existing centrifugal supply air fan serving a central
station air washer delivers 90,000 cfm @ 2 s.p. (wg),
825
rpm and 47.3 bhp.
It has been established that the volumetric air flow rate
(cfm) can be reduced 20% because of excessive design
safety factors and plant production equipment
modifications.
Determine: 1) new air volume, 2) rpm @ new cfm, 3) bhp
@ new cfm, and 4) annual electrical savings
Electricity cost:
Demand charge - $6.00/kw (avg)
Energy charge - $0.031/kwh (avg)
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Fan
Solution
New Problem
Air Volume = 0.8 x 90,000
= 72,000 cfm
1.
2.
3.
4.
Coil
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Induction Unit
Induction Nozzle
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Note:
All-Water Systems
Unit
Fan
Ventilator
Coil
12
Unit Ventilator
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Note:
System
Through-the-wall
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Energy Saving
Opportunities
Convert air-handling systems from constant volume
Install
Eliminate
Comfort-to-Comfort
Applications
Sensible
Total
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(Heat Wheel)
Pipe
Static
Heat Echanger
Runaround
System
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Heat Pipe
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Runaround System
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CONTROL STRATEGY
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Control Strategy
Optimize the operation of the HVAC
systems
[To minimize the fan, heating and cooling energy
requirements]
Develop and implement system scheduling
occupied/unoccupied
Implement optimal start/stop
Optimize the temperature and/or humidity setpoints
in both the occupied and unoccupied periods
Introduce outdoor ventilation air only when the
building is occupied
Provide control system override
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