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PENELITIAN
Theoretical Framework &
Hypothesis Development
VARIABLE
A variable is anything that can take on
differing or varying values. The values
can differ at various times for the same
object or persons or at the same time for
different object or persons. Examples of
variables are production units,
absenteeism, and motivation
TYPES OF VARIABLES
The dependent variable (also known as
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The dependent variable is the variable of
primary interest to the researcher. The
researchers goal to understand and
describe the dependent variable, or to
explain its variability, or predict its
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
An independent variable is one that
influences the dependent variable in
either a positive or negative way. That is,
when the independent variable is
present, the dependent variable is also
present, and with each unit of increase in
the independent variable, there is an
increase or decrease in the dependent
variable also.
New Product
success
Stock market
price
Independent variable
Dependent variable
MODERATING VARIABLE
The moderating variable is one that has
a strong contingent effect on the
independent-dependent variable
relationship. That is, the presence of a
third variable (the moderating variable)
modifies the original relationship
between the independent and the
dependent variables
Workforce diversity
Organizational
effectiveness
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Managerial
expertise
Moderating variable
INTERVENING VARIABLE
An intervening variable is one that
surfaces between the time the
independent variable start operating to
influence the dependent variable and the
time their impact is felt on it,
Time :
t1
Workforce diversity
Independent variable
t2
Creative
synergy
Intervening variable
t3
Organizational
effectiveness
Dependent variable
Time :
t1
t2
Creative
synergy
Workforce diversity
Independent variable
Intervening variable
Managerial
expertise
Moderating variable
t3
Organizational
effectiveness
Dependent variable
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework is the foundation on
which the entire research project is based. It is
a logically developed, described, and
elaborated network of associations among the
variables deemed relevant to the problem
situation and identified through such processes
as interviews, observations, and literature
survey. Experience and intuition also guide to
developing the theoretical framework.
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis can be defined as a logically
conjectured relationship between two or more
variables expressed in the form of a testable
statement, Relationships are conjectured on the
basis of the network of associations established
in the theoretical framework formulated for the
research study. By testing the hypotheses and
confirming the conjectured relationships, it is
expected that solutions can be found to correct
the problem encountered.
FORMATS
PROPOSITIONS