PPT ch06

Information Systems,
Ninth Edition
Chapter 6
Telecommunications and Networks
1
Principles and Learning Objectives

A telecommunications system and network have
many fundamental components
Identify and describe the fundamental components
of a telecommunications system
Identify two broad categories of telecommunications
media and their associated characteristics
Identify several telecommunications hardware
devices and discuss their functions
Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Principles and Learning Objectives

(continued)
Telecommunications, networks, and their
associated applications are essential to
organizational success
Describe the benefits associated with the use of a
network
Name three distributed processing alternatives and
discuss their basic features
List and describe several telecommunications
applications that organizations benefit from today
An Overview Of Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Electronic transmission of signals for
communications
Telecommunications medium
Any material substance that carries an electronic
signal to support communications between a
sending and receiving device
Telecommunications protocol
Defines set of rules that governs the exchange of
information over a communications medium
(continued)
(continued)
Synchronous communications
Receiver gets message instantaneously
Asynchronous communications
Receiver gets message after some delay
Basic Telecommunications Channel

Characteristics
Simplex channel
Transmits data in only one direction
Half-duplex channel
Transmits data in either direction, but not
simultaneously
Full-duplex channel
Permits data transmission in both directions at the
same time

Characteristics (continued)
Channel bandwidth
Rate at which data is exchanged
Telecommunications media
Categories: guided transmission media and wireless
Guided transmission media types

Available in many types
Twisted-pair wire
Classified by category: Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5E,
and 6


Coaxial cable
Offers cleaner and crisper data transmission (less
noise) than twisted-pair wire
Fiber-optic cable
Transmits signals with light beams
Broadband over power lines

Potential problem: transmitting data over unshielded
power lines can interfere with both amateur (ham)
radio broadcasts and police and fire radios
10

Wireless communications options
Wireless transmission involves the broadcast of
communications in one of three frequency ranges
Radio, microwave, or infrared frequencies
11

12
Short Range Wireless Options

Near Field Communication (NFC)
Short-range wireless connectivity technology
designed for cell phones and credit cards
Bluetooth
Wireless communications specification that
describes how cell phones, computers, personal
digital assistants, etc., can be interconnected
Ultra wideband (UWB)

Transmits large amounts of digital data over short
distances of up to 30 feet
13
Short Range Wireless Options

(continued)
Infrared transmission
Sends signals at a frequency of 300 GHz and above
Zigbee
Form of wireless communications frequently used in
security systems and heating and cooling control
systems
14
Medium Range Wireless Options

Wi-Fi
Wireless telecommunications technology brand
owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance
Wireless access point

Consists of a transmitter with an antenna, receives
the signal, and decodes it
Wi-Fi access points

Have maximum range of about 300 feet outdoors
and 100 feet within a dry-walled building
15
Medium Range Wireless Options

(continued)
16
Wide Area Wireless Network Options

Microwave transmission
High-frequency (300 MHz300 GHz) signal sent
through the air
Common forms of satellite communications
Geostationary satellite
Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite
Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
Wireless mesh
Uses multiple Wi-Fi access points to link a series of
interconnected local area networks
17
Wide Area Wireless Network Options

(continued)
3G wireless communications
Useful for business travelers, people on the go, and
people who need to get or stay connected
4G wireless communications
Will provide increased data transmission rates in the
2040 Mbps range
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

(WiMAX)
Set of IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area
network standards
18
Future Wireless Communications

Developments
Digital signal
Represents bits
Analog signal
Variable signal, continuous in both time and
amplitude so that any small fluctuations in the signal
are meaningful
19
Networks and Distributed Processing

Computer network
Consists of communications media, devices, and
software needed to connect two or more computer
systems or devices
Can transmit and receive information to improve
organizational effectiveness and efficiency
20
Network Types
Personal area networks
Supports interconnection of information technology
within a range of about 33 feet
Local area networks

Connects computer systems and devices within a small
area (e.g., office or home)
Metropolitan area networks

Connects users and their devices in a geographical
area that spans a campus or city
Wide area networks

Ties together large geographic regions
21
Network Types (continued)
22
Network Types (continued)
23
Basic Processing Alternatives

Centralized processing
All processing occurs in a single location or facility
Decentralized processing
Processing devices are placed at various remote
locations
Distributed processing
Processing devices are placed at remote locations
but are connected to each other via a network
File server systems

Users can share data through file server computing
24
Basic Processing Alternatives

(continued)
25
Client/Server Systems
Client/server architecture
Multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special
functions
Client
Any computer that sends messages requesting
services from the servers on the network
Database server
Sends only the data that satisfies a specific query,
not the entire file
26
Client/Server Systems (continued)
27
Client/Server Systems (continued)
28
Telecommunications Hardware
Modems
Modulation/demodulation devices
Multiplexers
Combines data from multiple data sources into a
single output signal that carries multiple channels
Front-end processors
Special-purpose computers that manage
communications to and from a computer system
29
Telecommunications Hardware
(continued)
Private branch exchange (PBX)
Telephone switching exchange that serves a single
organization
Switches, bridges, routers, and gateways

Switch: Uses the physical device address in each
incoming message on the network
Bridge: Connects one LAN to another LAN that uses
the same telecommunications protocol
Router: Forwards data packets across two or more
distinct networks toward their destinations
Gateway: Serves as an entrance to another network
30
Telecommunications Software
Network operating system (NOS)
Systems software that controls the computer
systems and devices on a network
Network management software

Protects software from being copied, modified, or
downloaded illegally
Performs error control to locate telecommunications
errors and potential network problems
31
Securing Data Transmission

Encryption
Converting an original message into a form that can
only be understood by the intended receiver
Key
Variable value that is applied (using an algorithm) to
a set of unencrypted text to produce encrypted text
or to decrypt encrypted text
32

(continued)
33

(continued)
Securing wireless networks
Wired equivalent privacy (WEP)
Used encryption based on 64-bit key, which has been
upgraded to a 128-bit key
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

Security protocol that offers significantly improved
protection over WEP
War driving
Involves hackers driving around with a laptop and
antenna trying to detect insecure wireless access
points
34
Other Encryption Methods

Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Early data encryption standard developed in the
1970s that uses a 56-bit private key algorithm
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Extremely strong data encryption standard based on
a key size of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits
35
Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Private network that uses a public network (usually
the Internet) to connect multiple remote locations
Supports secure, encrypted connections between a
companys private network and remote users
36
Telecommunications Services and

Network Applications
Cellular phone services
Operate using radio waves to provide two-way
communications
Picocell
Miniature cellular base station designed to serve a
very small area such as part of a floor inside a building
37
Cellular Phone Services

Digital subscriber line (DSL) Service
Telecommunications service that delivers high-speed
Internet access
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Services

Enables voice conversations to be converted into
packets of data that can be sent over a data network
38
Cellular Phone Services (continued)
39
Cellular Phone Services (continued)
40
Linking Personal Computers to

Mainframes and Networks
Basic way that telecommunications connect users
to information systems
Connecting personal computers to mainframe
computers so that data can be downloaded or
uploaded
41
Voice Mail
Users can send, receive, and store verbal
messages for and from other people around the
world
Reverse 911 service
Delivers emergency notifications to users in a
selected geographical area
Voice-to-text services
Convert speech to text so that you can manage
voice mails more effectively
42
Home and Small Business Networks

DSL modem
Enables each computer in the network to access the
Internet
Firewall
Filters the information coming from the Internet into
your network
43
Electronic Document Distribution

Lets you send and receive documents in a digital
form without printing them
Much faster to distribute electronic documents via
networks than to mail printed forms
Viewing documents on screen instead of printing
Saves paper and document storage space
44
Call Centers
Physical location where an organization handles
customer and other telephone calls
Used by:
Customer service organizations

Telemarketing companies
Computer product help desks
Charitable and political campaign organizations
45
Telecommuting and Virtual Workers

and Workgroups
Telecommuters
Need to be strongly self-motivated, organized,
focused on their tasks with minimal supervision
Jobs unsuitable for telecommuting

Those that require frequent face-to-face interaction,
need much supervision, and have many short-term
deadlines
46
Videoconferencing
Enables people to hold a conference by combining
voice, video, and audio transmission
Reduces travel expenses and time
Increases managerial effectiveness through:
Faster response to problems, access to more
people, and less duplication of effort
47
Electronic Data Interchange

Idea behind EDI
Connecting corporate computers among
organizations
EDI
Can link the computers of customers,
manufacturers, and suppliers
Eliminates the need for paper documents and
substantially cuts down on costly errors
48
Electronic Data Interchange

(continued)
49
Public Network Services

Give personal computer users access to vast
databases, the Internet, and other services
Usually an initial fee plus usage fees
Fees are based on services used; can range from
under $15 to over $500 per month
Providers of public network services include

Microsoft, America Online, and Prodigy
50
Electronic Funds Transfer

Transfers money from one bank account directly to
another without the use of paper money
Used for both credit and debit transfers
51
Distance Learning
Use of telecommunications to extend the
classroom
Instructors create course home pages on the
Internet
Students access the course syllabus and instructor
notes on the Web page
Student e-mail mailing lists allow students and the
instructor to e-mail one another
Chat groups allow students to form virtual teams
52
Shared Workspace
Common work area where:
Colleagues can share documents, issues, models,
schedules, spreadsheets, and all forms of
information
53
Unified Communications
Provides a simple and consistent user experience
across all types of communications
Global Positioning System applications
Global navigation satellite system employing over
two dozen satellites in orbit at roughly 12,500 miles
above the Earth
54
Specialized Systems and Services

Specialized services
Include professional legal, patent, and technical
information
Nike+iPod Sports Kit

Example of a specialized communications service
55
Summary
Telecommunications and networks
Creating profound changes in business because
they remove the barriers of time and distance
Communications
Can be classified as synchronous or asynchronous
Telecommunications media can physically connect

data communications devices
Guided transmission media and wireless media
56
Summary (continued)
Wireless communications solutions for very short
distances include:
Near field communications, Bluetooth, ultra
wideband, infrared transmission, and Zigbee
Transborder data flow

Electronic flow of data across international and
global boundaries
Client/server system
Network that connects a users computer (a client) to
one or more host computers (servers)
57

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Information Systems,

Principles and Learning Objectives

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Principles and Learning Objectives

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Guided transmission media types

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Broadband over power lines

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Telecommunications Channel

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Short Range Wireless Options

Ultra wideband (UWB)

Short Range Wireless Options

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Medium Range Wireless Options

Wireless access point

Wi-Fi access points

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Medium Range Wireless Options

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Wide Area Wireless Network Options

Wide Area Wireless Network Options

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Future Wireless Communications

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Networks and Distributed Processing

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Local area networks

Metropolitan area networks

Wide area networks

Network Types (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Network Types (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Basic Processing Alternatives

File server systems

Basic Processing Alternatives

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Client/Server Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Client/Server Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Switches, bridges, routers, and gateways

Network management software

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Securing Data Transmission

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Securing Data Transmission

Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition

Securing Data Transmission

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)