Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Related to Kinetics
Inertia
Pressure
Mass
Volume
Force
Density
of Gravity
Specific
Torque
Impulse
weight
proportional to mass
at rest it is mass
has no units!
Inertia
inertia
I = m r2
units: kg m2
Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is force?
a push or a pull
characterized by magnitude,
direction, and point of
application
F = ma
Momentum
Linear
M= m v
Angular
H=I
Conservation
1st Newtons Law
Transfer
units are Ns
Ft = (mv2) - (mv1)
Ft = M
Impulse
Impulse = (F)(t)
Change in momentum
Force Plate
Impact
= v 1 - v2
u 1 - u2
Impact
very high force small time interval
Acute loading
b=bounce , d=drop
h
e
hd
v1 - v2 = -e ( u1 - u2)
Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a free body diagram?
Force applied
by racquet
Air resistance
Ball being
struck by a
racquet
ball weight
Newtons Laws
Law of Inertia
Newtons Laws
Law of Inertia
Newtons Laws
Law of Acceleration
F = ma
Coefficient of friction:
Coefficient of static friction ( s):
Coefficient of kinetic friction (k) :
Friction
Static
Dynamic
Rolling
Coefficient
Resultant
PH
Pv
Is it easier to
push or pull
a desk
across a
room?
wt
Pushing a desk
P
R = wt + Pv
Pv
wt
Pulling a desk
R = wt - Pv
PH
Newtons Laws
Law of Reaction
Newtons Laws
Law of Reaction
In accordance with the
law of reaction, the weight
of a box sitting on a table
generates a reaction force
by the table that is equal
in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the
weight.
wt
Newtons Laws
Law of Gravitation
Fg = G(m1m2 / d2)
Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is the center of gravity?
point around which a bodys weight is
equally balanced in all directions
point that serves as an index of total body
motion
point at which the weight vector acts
same as the center of mass
Center of Gravity
What is the center of
gravity?
the point around which a bodys weight
is equally balanced in all directions
also referred to as the center of mass
or mass centroid
(need not be physically located inside
of a body)
Center of Gravity
Why is the center of gravity of interest in
the study of human biomechanics?
it serves as an index of total body motion
Center of Gravity
Why is the center of gravity of interest in
the study of human biomechanics?
the body responds to external forces
as though all mass were
concentrated at the CG
this
CM
Suspension
cardinal planes
Stability
resist disruption
Reaction Board
Balance
Control equilibrium
Segmental Method
W X ( S 2 S1) L
( S 2 S1)
X ( L)
W
What is balance?
Balance:
Foot position affects standing balance
Stability
Mass
Friction
Size base
CM CG low
Anticipation
force
d
d
Newtons Law
Linear
Inertia
Acceleration
F=ma
Reaction
Angular
I = m r2
I = m k2
Angular
moment of inertia (I = mk 2)
torque (T = Fd )
angular momentum (H=mk 2)
angular impulse (Fd t)
Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a torque (T)?
Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a torque?
F = 10N
d = 2m
axis
Equilibrium
axis
Equilibrium
Where do torques occur within the
human body?
The product of muscle
tension and muscle
moment arm produces a
torque at the joint crossed
by the muscle.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
What is a lever?
a simple machine consisting of a
relatively rigid bar-like body that
can be made to rotate about an
axis or a fulcrum
there are first, second, and third
class levers
Lever
Lever is a structure for transmitting energy
A rigid bar that revolves about an axis
or fulcrum
Lever
Effort: E
Fulcrum: A
Resistance: R
First Class
A
E
R
Second Class
A
R
Third Class
A
R
Equilibrium
F
Relative locations
of the applied
force (F), the
resistance (R),
and the fulcrum
or axis of rotation
determine lever
classifications.
R
First class
F
Second class
R
Third class
Equilibrium
What is mechanical
advantage?
The ratio of the moment arm of the
force (force arm) to the moment
arm of the resistance (resistance
arm) for a given lever
When the ratio is greater than 1,
the required force is less than
resistive force (force m.a.>res.
m.a.)
Equilibrium
F = 10N
R = 20N
Fa=2m Ra=1m
Equilibrium
F
Fa
Ra
Lever Systems
Moment arm of applied force > moment arm of
resistance
Resistance arm is longer than force arm
E EA R RA
RA
E R
EA
E RA
R EA
mechanical advantage
R EA
E RA
Mechanical
Advantage
or Disadvantage
Second Class
First Class
when EA > RA
Third Class
First Class
when RA > EA
E
A
S R
same
distance
same
angle
Anatomical Levers
rotary
Shear:
Stabilizing
E ->
rotary
Shear:
Dislocating
d
d
Angle of pull
Angle of pull
Angle of pull decreases as bone moves away
from its anatomical position through local
muscle groups contraction
Range of movement depends on type of joint
& bony structure
Most muscles work at angles of pull less
than 50 degrees
Amount of muscular force needed to cause
joint movement is affected by angle of pull
Angle of pull
Angle of pull
Angle of pull
If angle is less than 90
degrees, the force is a
stabilizing force because its
pull directs the bone toward
the joint axis
If angle is greater than 90
degrees, the force is
dislocating due to its pull
directing the bone away from
the joint axis
Angle of pull
Equilibrium
Torque
Torque:
T = Fd
Moment arm:
In the body, moment arm of muscle is the
perpendicular distance between muscle's line pull
and joint center
Largest moment arm at an angle of pull ~900
Vector quantity, magnitude and direction
Fd & counterclockwise (+) & clockwise (-)
Equilibrium
Static
Dynamic
Equations of Static
Equilibrium
Equilibrium:
Three conditions for equilibrium:
1. Fv = 0
2. Fh = 0
3. T = 0
Fy - my = 0
TG - = 0
Equilibrium
What is static
equilibrium?
a motionless state in which there is no
net force or net torque acting
20N
1m
10N
CG
2m
Angular
moment of inertia (I = mk 2)
torque (T = Fd )
angular momentum (H=mk 2)
angular impulse (Fd t)
Angular Momentum
What is angular momentum?
quantity of angular motion possessed
by a body
measured as the product of moment of
inertia and angular velocity:
H = I
H = mk2
Angular Momentum
CG
CGs
s
g
Angular Momentum
What is the principle of conservation
of angular momentum?
The total angular momentum of a given
system remains constant in the
absence of external torques.
H1 = H2
(mk2)1 = (mk2)2
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum:
For linear motion:
M = mv
For angular motion:
H = IC
Or:
H mk2
Factors that affect a angular momentum
Mass (m), distribution of mass with respect to
the axis or rotation (k) , angular velocity of the
body ()
Angular Momentum
Multi-segmented Object
H = Iss + mr2g
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
The total angular momentum of a
given system remains constant in
the absence of external torques
Impulse-momentum relationship:
Tt = H
Tt = (I)2 - (I)1
Angular Momentum
What produces change in angular
momentum?
angular impulse - the product of torque
and the time interval over which the
torque acts:
T t = H
T t = (I)2 - (I)1
Angular Momentum
Backward
somersault
F
CG
I = mr2
I = mr2
I = mk2
Radius of gyration:
Not the same as the segmental CG
Length changes as the axis of rotation changes
Human Body
Moment of Inertia
k3
k1
k3
k2
Original
Shape
Compression
Original
Shape
Tension
Original
Shape
Shear
Load
Yield
Point
Elastic
Region
Plastic
Region
Deformation
(change in shape)
Ultimate
Failure
Point
Load Magnitude
Likelihood of Injury
Frequency of Loading
Sample Problem 1
1. If a scale shows that an individual has a
mass of 68 kg, what is that individuals
weight?
Known: m = 68 kg
Solution Answer
Wanted: weight wt = 667 N
Formulas: wt = mag wt = 150 lbs
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
Sample Problem 1
2. What is the mass of an object weighting
1200 N?
Known: wt = 1200 N
Solution
Answer
Wanted: mass
m = 122.32 kg
Formulas: wt = mag
Sample Problem 2
Is it better to be stepped on by a women wearing a spike or by a
court shoe?
Known: wt = 556 N As = 4 cm2 Ac = 175 cm2
Solution
Wanted:
Answer
Pressure exerted by the spike heel
p = 139N/cm2
Pressure exerted by the court shoe p = 3.8 N/Cm2
Formulas: p = F/A
43.75 times
more pressure
Symbol
m
F
P
V
Sample Problem 3
How
Sample Problem 3
When she stands in anatomical positions?
Given:
F = (625 N) (0.45)
A = 20 cm2
Formula: Stress = F/A
a)
Sample Problem 3
b) When she stands erect holding a 222 N
suitcase?
Given: F = (625 N) (0.45) = 222 N A = 20
cm2
Formula: Stress = F/A
Stress = (625 N) (0.45) + 222 N / 20 cm 2
Stress = 25.2 N / cm2
Electromyography (EMG)
To study neuromuscular function
Dynamography
Forces/pressure
Primarily employed in gait research
Starts, takeoffs, landings, baseball & golf
swings, and balance
Vector Algebra
Vector
Kinetic vector quantities
Scalar quantities
Mass, volume, length & speed
Vector Composition
Resultant vector
Tip-to-tail vector composition
Resultant vector
Vector #2
Vector #1
Vector Resolution
Example: A ball is thrown into the air
Vertical
Horizontal
Graphic Solution of
Vector Problems
Trigonometric Solution of
Vector Problems
A more
Vector - Scalar
vector
physical quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction
scalar
physical quantity that is completely described by its magnitude
vector composition
process of determining a single vector from two or more
vectors by vector addition
vector resolution
operation that replaces a single vector with two perpenticular
vectors such that the vector composition of the two
perpendicular vectors yields the original vector
Centripetal Force
What is centripetal force?
(force directed toward
the center of rotation
for a
body in rotational
motion)
mv2
Fc = r
Fc = mr2
Fc
Moments
Torque
Angular momentum
Moment of force
Moment of linear
momentum
Centripetal Force
Centripetal Fc = m v2 / r = m r 2
Friction
Inertia
Centripetal Force
Centripetal force:
Fc = mv2 / r
Fc
mr 2
W = Fd
W
t
Fd
t
Since v = d / t,
Power
1 J/s
Fv
During the pole vault, the bent pole stores potential energy for
subsequent release as kinetic energy and thermal energy.
Height,
velocity,
potential
energy, and
kinetic energy
changes for a
tossed ball.
Note:
PE + KE = C
V(m/s) KE(J)
3.0
29.4
2.5
24.5
3.1
4.9
2.0
19.6
4.4
9.8
1.5
14.7
5.4
14.7
1.0
9.8
6.3
19.6
Time
Energy
Potential
PE= (mg) h
Kinetic
velocity dependent
Position dependent
Strain
Linear
KE=1/2 m v2
SE=1/2 k x2
Angular
KEa=1/2 I 2
Conservation of Energy
ME = PE + KE = constant
If Conservative forces like gravity
Work
Changes Energy
W = F*S
Joule = (Nm)