Bhaskara II

CaseyGregory

Background Information

OneofmostfamousIndianmathematicians
Born1114ADinBijjadaBida
FatherwasaBrahman(Mahesvara)andastrologer
NicknamedBhaskaracharyaBhaskarathe
Teacher
StudiedVarahamihiraandBrahmaguptaatUijain

What he knew
Understoodzeroandnegativenumbers
Excepthowtodividebyit

Knewx^2had2solutions*
HadstudiedPellsequationandother
Diophantineproblems

His Accomplishments
Firsttodeclarea/0=*
Firsttodeclare+a=
Wrote6worksincluding

Lilavati(mathematics)
Bijaganita(algebra)
Siddhantasiromani
Vasanabhasya(commentaryonSiddhantasiromani)
Karanakutuhala(astronomy)
Vivarana

Lilavati

O girl! out of a group of swans, 7/2 times the square

root of the number are playing on the shore of a tank.
The two remaining ones are playing with amorous
fight, in the water. What is the total number of
swans?

Lilavati
13Chapters
definitions;arithmeticalterms;interest;arithmeticaland
geometricalprogressions;planegeometry;solidgeometry;the
shadowofthegnomon*;thekuttaka;combinations.
2Methodsformultiplication*
4methodsforsquaring
Rulesofthree,five,sevenandnine
KuttakaMethod

Example:Sayquickly,mathematician,whatisthatmultiplier,by
whichtwohundredandtwentyonebeingmultiplied,andsixtyfive
addedtotheproduct,thesumdividedbyahundredandninetyfive
becomesexhausted.
Bhaskaracharyaisfindingintegersolutionto195x=221y+65.
Heobtainsthesolutions(x,y)=(6,5)or(23,20)or(40,35)andsoon.

Bijaganita
12Chapters
Including:positiveandnegativenumbers;zero;the
unknown;surds*;thekuttaka*;indeterminatequadratic
equations;simpleequations;quadraticequations;
equationswithmorethanoneunknown;quadratic
equationswithmorethanoneunknown;operations
withproductsofseveralunknowns;andtheauthorand
hiswork
Quadraticequation700A.D.Brahmaguptawho
alsorecognized2rootsinthesolution.1100A.D.
ANYpositivenumberhas2squareroots

 Triedtoprovea/0=,howeverifthatweretrue,*0=
a,thereforeprovingallnumbersequal
Showsthatthekuttakamethodtosolveindeterminate
equationssuchasax+by+cz=dhasmorethanone
solution.
Hisconclusionshowshispoeticandpassionatenature:
Amorseloftuitionconveysknowledgetoacomprehensive
mind;andhavingreachedit,expandsofitsownimpulse,asoil
poureduponwater,asasecretentrustedtothevile,asalms
bestowedupontheworthy,howeverlittle,sodoesknowledge
infusedintoawisemindspreadbyintrinsicforce.

Siddhanta Siromani

PictureofGoladhyaya.

Siddhanta Siromani
WroteSiddhantaSiromani(1150AD)

Leelavati(arithmetic)
Bijaganita(algebra)
Goladhayaya(spheres,celestialglobes)
Grahaganita(mathematicsoftheplanets)

Topics Covered in Siddhanta

Siromani
AstronomyRelated
Latitudes&longitudesoftheplanets;threeproblemsof
diurnal*rotation;syzygies*;eclipses;themoon's
crescent;conjunctionsoftheplanetswitheachother
andstars

SphereRelated
natureofthesphere;cosmographyandgeography;
planetarymeanmotion;eccentricepicyclicmodelofthe
planets;thearmillarysphere;sphericaltrigonometry;
ellipsecalculations;firstvisibilitiesoftheplanets;
calculatingthelunarcrescent;astronomicalinstruments;
theseasons;andproblemsofastronomicalcalculations.

Further Information in Siddhanta

Firsttimetrigonometrywasstudiedasits
ownentity,ratherthanhowitrelatedto
othercalculations.
sin(a+b)=sinacosb+cosasinb
sin(ab)=sinacosbcosasinb.

His 7th work?

Thereexistsa7thwork,butitisthoughtto
beaforgery.

After Bhaskara II
BhaskaraIIdiesin1185
AHUGEscientificlullafterinvasionby
muslims
1727,nextimportantHindumathematician
SawaiJaiSinghII
SeveralofBhaskarasfindingswerenot
exploredheavilyafterhisdeath,andended
upbeingdiscoveredlaterbyEuropean
mathematicians.

Bhaskara II Rediscovered
chakrawal,orthecyclicmethod,tosolvealgebraic
equations.*
6centurieslater,Galois,EulerandLagrange
rediscoveredthisandcalledit"inversecyclic".

differentialcalculus
Rediscoveredas"differentialcoefficient"
"Rolle'stheorem"
NewtonandLeibnizreceivecredit

Bhaskaraisrenownedforhisconceptof
Tatkalikagati(instantaneousmotion).

Works Cited
http://www.ilovemaths.com/ind_mathe.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2982567
http://wwwgroups.dcs.stand.ac.uk/%7Ehis
tory/Mathematicians/Bhaskara_II.html
http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/India/
12thCenturyAD/Bhaskara.html