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SR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
UEAEA43
HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS
PREPARED BY
Mr.S.Sivaraj
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
UNIT - I
FUNDAMENTAL OF HYPERSONIC FLOWS
INTRODUCTION:
Hypersonic flow was loosely defined in
the Introduction as flow in which the Mach
number is greater than about 5. No real
reasons were given at that point as to why
supersonic flows at high Mach numbers were
different from those at lower Mach numbers
and why, therefore, they had to have a
different name.
Typical variation of
mach number with
altitude during
reentry.
One
of
the
characteristics
of
hypersonic flow is the presence of an
interaction between the oblique shock wave
generated at the leading edge of the body
and the boundary layer on the surface of the
body. Consider the oblique shock wave
formed at the leading edge of wedge in a
supersonic flow as shown in the following
figure.
Variation of
angle between
shock wave and
surface with
Mach number
for flow over a
wedge.
These
were
approximately
the
conditions
that
occurred during the
reentry of some of the
earlier
manned
spacecraft, the flow
over such a craft being
illustrated
in
the
figure.
The
flow
situation shown in the
previous
figure
is
therefore
an
Flow over reentering spacecraft.
approximate model of
the situation shown in
T2
253
T1
But at 59 km in atmosphere T = 258K (i.e.,
-15oC). Hence, the conventional normal
shock wave relations give the temperature
behind the shock wave as:
changes
at
higher
temperatures, their values depending on
temperature.
For example, the variation of the value of
of nitrogen with temperature is shown in
the following figure. It will be seen from
this figure that changes in may have to
be considered at temperatures above
about 500oC.
Variation of
specific heat ratio
of nitrogen with
temperature.
Dissociation occurs
circumstances:
under
the
following
For T 9000 K :
OO e
N N e
When ionization occurs, energy is again
absorbed. As with dissociation, ionization
occurs over a range of temperatures the air
in this temperature range consisting of a
mixture of ionized and non-ionized atoms,
the fraction of ionized atoms increasing as
Variation of equilibrium
composition of air with
temperature.
UNIT - II
Simple Solution Methods For Hypersonic
In Viscid Flows
NEWTONIAN THEORY:
Although the details of the flow about a
surface in hypersonic flow are difficult to
calculate due to the complexity of the
phenomena
involved,
the
pressure
distribution about a surface placed in a
hypersonic flow can be estimated quite
accurately using an approximate approach
that is discussed below. Because the flow
model assumed is essentially the same as
one that was incorrectly suggested by
Newton for the calculation of forces on
bodies in incompressible flow, the model is
referred to as the Newtonian model.
pA p A
( p p ) A V A sin
2
i.e. : p p V sin
2
Cp
1
V2
2
C p 2sin
2
p p
2
Cp
2sin
1
2
V
2
p p
2
2
V sin
p
p
Hence, since:
p
a
p p
M 2 sin 2
p
i.e.:
p
2
2
1 M sin
p
p ABW
D 2
pW ( p AB p )W
2
CD
D
1
2
V x Projected Area
2
( p AB p )W ( p AB p )
CD
1
1
1
2
2
V W
V W
V2
2
2
2
D
p p V2 sin 2
Hence at the stagnation point where =
90o and where, therefore, sin = 1, the
pressure, pS , is given by:
pS p V
Hence:
pS p
2
1
V2
2
C pS 2
Cp
C pS
or as:
sin 2
p p
sin 2
pS p
Cp
C pSN
sin 2
pS
1 2
2 M
2
1
2
1 M 1
1
1
p
1
p p
p
Cp
2
1
V2
2
2
1 2
2 M
C pSN
1
1
2
1
2
M
M 2
1 /
C pSN
1
2
2
1
1
1
C p 1.839 sin
2
p p
1 2 2
C pS
V sin
p
2 p
i.e. again using:
p
a
gives:
p p
2 2
C pS M sin
p
2
i.e.:
p
2 2
1 C pS M sin
p
2
CONCLUDING REMARKS:
In hypersonic flow, because the
temperatures are very high and because
the shock waves lie close to the surface,
the flow field is complex. However, because
the flow behind the shock waves is all
essentially parallel to the surface, the
pressure variation along a surface in a
hypersonic flow can be easily estimated
using the Newtonian model. The calculation
of drag forces on bodies in hypersonic flow
using this method has been discussed.
UNIT - III
Viscous Hypersonic Flow Theory