Cell Biology

Van Leeuwenhoek
and his microscope
Robert Hooke, and
his drawing of cells
Schleiden and Schwann

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
(eubacteria and
archaea)
-

no nucleus
no organelles
binary fission
small (0.2 2.0 um)

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
- biofilms

Staphyloccocus aureus
biofilm

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
(protists, plants,
fungi, animals)
-

nucleus
organelles
mitosis
larger (10-100 um)

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)

ADP +P

ATP

mitochon
dria

Cell Biology
I.Overview
ADP +P
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
ADP +P
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)
and
- transform radiant energy
to chemical energy

chloroplast
ATP

ATP

mitochon
dria

Cell Biology
I.Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
ADP +P
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)
- use energy to make stuff
(like enzymes and other
proteins,
and lipids,
polysaccharides, and
nucleic acids)
- DNA determines

ATP

ribosome

ADP +P

ATP

ribosome

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
1. phospholipids

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
2. proteins and carbohydrates

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
Aqueous Solution
(outside cell)

Aqueous Solution (inside

cell)

dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules

dissolved ions
dissolved polar
molecules

suspended non-polar
(lipid soluble)
suspended nonpolar
(lipid soluble)

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport

Net diffusion

Net diffusion

equilibrium

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport - diffusion

Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion

Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion

Equilibrium
equilibrium
Equilibrium

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport - osmosis

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport facilitated diffusion

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport active transport

Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to

the sodium-potassium pump

Na+ binding stimulates

phosphorylation by ATP.

Phosphorylation causes
the protein to change its
conformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.

Extracellular K+ binds
to the protein, triggering
release of the phosphate
group.

Loss of the phosphate

restores the proteins
original conformation.

K+ is released and Na+

sites are receptive again;
the cycle repeats.

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport
3. metabolism (enzymes nested in
membrane)
4. signal transduction

Cell Biology
I.Overview
II. Membranes How Things Get in and Out of
Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport
3. metabolism (enzymes nested in
membrane)
4. signal transduction
5. cell-cell binding
6. cell recognition
7. cytoskeleton attachment

Study Questions:
1. List three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. What is a biofilm?
3. Describe the function of mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and liposomes.
4. Why is the lipid bilayer a barrier to water soluble molecules?
5. Describe diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
6. How does solute concentration and pressure affect water
potential and osmosis.