Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Engineering
S-1
Module -I
Sujith S T
Asst Professor
Mechanical
Department
Module-1
INTRODUCTION
The term sustainability is the capacity to
endure (continue to exist in the same
state).
Sustainability can be thought of as the goal of
sustainable development
Sustainable development is a process for
meetinghuman
developmentgoals
while
maintaining the ability of natural systems to
continue to provide thenatural resources.
Environment - Ecological
sustainability
Economy - Fair distribution of
wealth
Social
- Community participation
CONCEPT OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Meeting the needs of current and future
generations
through
integrating
environmental
protection,
social
advancement and economic prosperity".
Thus sustainability refers to the quality of life
which is to be achieved in a manner that does not
harm the quality of life of future generations.
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Social sustainability is a process for creating
sustainable,
successful
places
that
promote
wellbeing, by understanding what people need from
the places they live and work.
Three values that forms the core of social sustainability
are:
Quality of life
Growth and
Equality
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental sustainability is improving the
quality of human life while living within the
carrying capacity of supporting Ecosystems.
Currently, environmental sustainability is receiving
plenty of attention from the media and from
different governmental departments.
This is as a result of the amount of research going
into assessing the impact that human activity can
have on the environment.
resource
use
and
HELIX OF SUSTAINABILITY
A
concept
for
the
manufacturing
industries to move to more sustainable
practices.
Sustainable use of materials has targeted the
idea of convening the linear path of
materials (i.e. raw material extraction,
product use and disposal) to a circular
material path (i.e. raw material extraction,
product use and reuse) that reuses material as
much as possible.
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Until two decades ago, the world looked at economic status
alone as a measure of human development.
The developed countries not only exploited their own
natural resources rapidly, but also used the natural
resources of developing countries.
The rich countries got richer, while the poor nations got
poorer.
Then the developed countries began to realise that their lives
are
seriously
affected
by
the
environmental
consequences because of the
development based on
economic growth.
In
1987
the
World
Commission
on
Environment and Development clearly defined
the term sustainable development.
Definition of Sustainable Development:
Development which meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
3 Pillars of Sustainable
Development
Social
(Community /
Societal
development that
provides food,
shelter, clothing,
education and
health for human
beings)
Environment
Sustainable
Developem
ent
Economic
(Economic
development such
as industrial
development,
business policy
change and so on
for improving
the quality of life).
(Environmental
protection that
provides pollution
free air, water and
soil for the present
and future
generations)
resource
natures
Agricultural Technologies
The goal of agricultural research and technology
development generally has been
to improve productivity,
soil and water conservation,
improving human nutrition,
food quality, and
safety which contribute to the economy as a
whole.
Concerns
The absence of Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)
for pesticides used on various vegetables and
fruits in many countries.
Genetically Modified Crops (GMC)
Energy Technologies
Energy efficiencies of the developing world is
much lower than in the industrialized countries.
Energy is produced, converted, and used in
developing
countries
with
low
technical
efficiencies could be improved through adoption
of proven technologies.
Technologies to provide and improve energy
services for developing world include:
more efficient biomass stoves
simple motor-driven systems for pumping
water and grinding grains
energy-efficient pumps, fertilizers, and
mechanical traction to improve agricultural
productivity
Concerns
The policy environment that determines patterns of
incentives and disincentives to energy efficiency is
crucial to the adoption of new technologies.
Environmental Technologies
Environmental
awareness
and
transfer
of
environmental technologies can reduce day-to-day
operating inefficiencies, emissions, exposure to
hazardous materials and risks of technological
disasters.
For developing countries, provision of basic facilities
such as access to drinking water and proper
sanitation, gaseous liquid and solid waste
disposal services are major environmental priorities.
Technologies such as forest management and
improved agricultural practices are primary
environmental needs in most of the developing
countries.
Electric power, chemical, petroleum refining, steel, pulp
and paper, food, textile, etc. are major potential buyers
of environmental technologies.
TECHNOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The fundamentals to the pursuit of sustainable
development are : a. INFORMATION
b. EDUCATION
c. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
a) Sharing of Information and appropriate
technologies with sister institutions in developing
countries is very essential.
However, with intellectual property rights
protection, technology developers may be not
willing to invest in research and development.
Hence, the creation of international centres for
sustainable development that would be funded
is the need of the hour.
CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AGREEMENTS AND PROTOCOL
A multilateral environmental agreement is a legally binding
agreement between two or more nations which contains
commitments
to
meet
specific
environmental
objectives.
The first international enlightenment towards the problems of
environmental
pollution
was
the
United
Nations
Conference on the Human Environment held in
Stockholm, Sweden in June 1972 which laid the
foundation of modern environmentalism.
The key events were the Villach Conference (October 1985), the
Toronto Conference (June 1988), the Ottawa Conference (February
1989), the Tata Conference (February 1989), the Hague Conference
and Declaration (March 1989), the Noordwijk Ministerial Conference
(November 1989), the Cairo Compact (December 1989), the Bergen
Conference (May 1990), and the Second World Climate Conference
(November 1990).
The
United
Nations
Conference
on
Environment and Development (UNCED),
was held in Rio-de-Janeiro from 3rd to 14 June
1992 and around 172 countries participated.
An important achievement was an agreement on
the Climate Change Convention which in turn
led to the Kyoto Protocol (1997).
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Among these conferences, the one held in 1997 at
Kyoto, Japan has established legally binding
obligation to developed countries to reduce
their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission.
Kyoto Protocol requires developed economies listed in
its annexure Ito reduce their collective emissions of
six important greenhouse gases namely carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, set of per
fluorocarbons, and hydro fluorocarbons by at
least 5.2% as compared to 1990 level during the
period 2008-2012.
As per the Kyoto Protocol emissions of greenhouse
gases needs to be cut by 25% below the current
level by 2050, so that the growth of countries is not
compromised.
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM(CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism is a key
component of the Kyoto Protocol a legally binding
global agreement by 192 countries to combat
climate change through a reduction of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol follows the fundamental UNFCCC
principle
of
"common
but
differentiated
responsibility" which recognizes that the burden of
responsibility should fall heaviest on the countries .
The CDM is a market-based mechanism. It entices
private companies to fund GHG-reducing
projects in developing countries by awarding
these projects Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
PURPOSE OF CDM
The stated purpose of the Clean Development
Mechanism is to help developing countries achieve
sustainable development, and assist industrialized
countries in complying with their emission reduction
commitments.
They must also meet sustainable development criteria
and the "additionality' requirement, which means the
emission reductions made must be "additional' to what
would have been possible without CDM funding.
The CDM allows countries to continue emitting
greenhouse gases. so long as they pay for reductions
made elsewhere.
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS IN
INDIA
Some of the salient features of the water act are listed below
a) Establishment of Boards / Authorities Central and State level
.
b) Mandates prior approval of PCB for operating. establishing
and expanding industrial activities leading to discharge of
industrial effluents.
c) Empowers PCBs to enter into industrial plants, factories
establishment etc. and inspect plant/ factory records,
registers and documents.
d) Empowers PCBs to take samples of industrial effluents
wastewater (discharges) and its subsequent analysis.
e) Provides for criminal liabilities