Distribution

Transformers

Fadilla Put
ri Irintika
Kenneth K
eulana Jud
a
Electrical
Engineerin
g 2013

0 Transformers are electrical equipments that

are used in order to stop DC electrical power

to pass through one side to the other and to
alter the current of an input alternating
current (AC). They are utilizing electrical wire
coiled around a core to transfer an AC signal
into transient electromagnetic fields.

Distribution transformers
0 A distribution transformer is a static device

constructed with two or more windings used

to transfer alternating current electric power
by electromagnetic induction from one circuit
to another at the same frequency but with
different values of voltage and current.
0 The purpose of a distribution transformer is
to reduce the primary voltage of the electric
distribution system to the utilization voltage
serving the customer.

0 Figure 1. shows distribution transformers in

stock at an electric utility company service

building. The distribution transformers
available for use for various applications.

Differences
0 Power Transformers: used in transmission

network of higher voltages for step-up and

step-down application (400 kV, 66 kV, 33kV)
and generally rated above 200MVA
0 Distribution Transformers: used for lower
voltage distribution as a means to end user
connectivity (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440 V, 230
V) and are generally rated less than 200 MVA

Pole Type Distribution

Pad Type Distribution

Distribution Transformers
Construction
0 Two types of construction are the core type

and the shell type. In the core type.

0 Transformers must be constructed with the

proper windings for the primary-voltage

system and the desired secondary voltage.
Properly manufactured distribution
transformers can be connected wye-delta if it
is desired to obtain three-wire three-phase
secondary voltages from a three-phase fourwire grounded neutral wye primary-voltage
system.

Distribution Transformer
Operation

Single-Phase Distribution Transformers

Single-Phase Distribution
Transformers
Voltage V = volts per turn
number of turns N Voltage primary
winding = Vp
Voltage secondary winding = Vs
Number of turns of primary winding =
Volts per turn = Vt
Np
Number of turns of secondary winding =
Ns

Vp= Vt x Np
Vs= Vt x Ns

OR

Quantities equal to the same quantity are equal,

so

Both of the above quantities are equal to Vt. If we

multiply both sides of the equation by the same
quantity Np , we obtain:

O
R

When a load is connected to the secondary winding

of the transformer, a current Is will flow in the
secondary winding of the transformer. This current is
equal to the secondary voltage divided by the
impedance of the load Z .
With Lenz Law that any current that flows as a
result of an induced voltage will flow in a
direction to oppose the action that causes the
voltage to be induced

Three-Phase
Transformers
0 A three-phase transformer is basically three

single-phase transformers in a single tank in

most cases. The windings of the three
transformers are normally wound on a single
mul- tilegged laminated steel core.

Distribution Transformer
Polarity
0 When the current flows in the same direction in

the two adjacent primary and secondary

terminals, the polarity of the transformer is said
to be subtractive, and when current flows in
opposite directions, the polarity is said to be
additive.

Power Losses
0 Transformers are inductive since the consume

the power with lagging power factor. The key

input for estimating distribution transformer
energy loss is the transformers load that
determines the power factor and energy
consumed

Hysteresis Loss
0 Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a

small amount of energy is lost due to

hysteresis within the core
0 Pn= Wn . = . . 1.6max

Eddy Current Loss

0 It is a complex function of the square of

supply frequency and square inverse of the

material thickness
0 Can be reduced by making core a stack of

plates electrically insulted from each other.

Paralleling Single Phase

Distribution Transformers
0 The conditions are:

1. Voltage ratings are identical.

2. Tap settings are identical.
3. Frequency ratings are identical.

reference
0 http://www.slideshare.net/automaticvoltage1/

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