CW 02

RF Network Design
Tai Koon Sun

GSM/UMTS RF Engineering - AP
Lucent Technologies - Proprietary
Level 31 Tower 2
Petronas Twin To
wer, KLCC
Kuala Lumpur, Ma
laysia
Introduction
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be summarised as follows :-
To help the operator

to identify their RF
design requirement
Optional
Comparative
Analysis
Discuss and agree RF

design parameters,
assumptions and
objectives with the
customer
RF Design
requirement
Coverage requirement
Traffic requirement
Various level of design
(ROM to detail RF
design)
RF Design
Site
Realisation
RF Design
Implementation
Slide No.2
Issuing of search ring

Cand. assessment
Site survey, design,
approval
Drive test (optional)
Frequency plan
Neighbour list
RF OMC data
Optimisation
Comparative Analysis
This is an optional step
This is intended to : Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network
Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement, e.g.
where their network should be built
For the comparative analysis, we would need to : Identify all network that are competitors to the customer
Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of interest
Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the
competitors have service
Slide No.3
Comparative Analysis
The result of the analysis should include :For an existing operator
All problems encountered in the customers network
All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor does
Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems
For a new operator
Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network
Problem encountered in the competitors network
Slide No.4
RF Network Design Inputs

The RF design inputs can be divided into : Coverage requirements
Target coverage areas
Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be marked
geographically
Coverage area probability
Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars
Capacity requirements
Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour
Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS
Network capacity
Growth plan - Coverage and Capacity
Slide No.5
RF Network Design Inputs

Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any
List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be included in
the RF design
Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any
Quality of Network (C/I values)
Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)
Slide No.6
RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the : Capacity requirement
Coverage requirement
For the RF Coverage Design
CW Drive
Testing
Propagation
Model
Digitised
Databases
RF
Coverage
Design
Slide No.7
Customer
Requirements
Link
Budget
CW Drive Testing
CW drive test can be used for the following purposes : Propagation model tuning
Assessment of the suitability of candidate sites, from both coverage and
interference aspect
CW drive test process can be broken down to :Test
Preparation
Equipment required
BTS antenna selection
Channel selection
Power setting
Drive route planning
Test site selection
Propagation
Test
Transmitter setup
Receiver setup
Drive test
Transmitter dismantle
Data
Processing
Measurement averaging
Report generation
Slide No.8
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation

The test equipment required for the CW drive testing : Receiver with fast scanner
Example : HP7475A, EXP2000 (LCC) etc.
The receiver scanner rate should conform to the Lee Criteria of 36 to
50 sample per 40 wavelength
CW Transmitter
Example : Gator Transmitter (BVS), LMW Series Transmitter (CHASE),
TX-1500 (LCC) etc.
Base Station test antenna
DB806Y (Decibel-GSM900), 7640 (Jaybeam-GSM1800) etc.
Accessories
Including flexible coaxial cable/jumper, Power meter, extended power
cord, GPS, compass, altimeter
Slide No.9

Base Station Antenna Selection
The selection depends on the purpose of the test
For propagation model tuning, an omni-directional antenna is preferred
For candidate site testing or verification, the choice of antenna depends
on the type of BTS site that the test is trying to simulate.
For Omni BTS :
Omni antennas with similar vertical beamwidth
For sectorised BTS

Utilising the same type of antenna is preferred
Omni antenna can also be used, together with the special feature in the
post processing software like CMA (LCC) where different antenna pattern
can be masked on over the measurement data from an omni antenna
Slide No.10

Test Site Selection
For propagation model tuning, the test sites should be selected so that : They are distributed within the clutter under study
The height of the test site should be representative or typical for the
specific clutter
Preferably not in hilly areas
For candidate site testing/verification, the actual candidate site
configuration (height, location) should be used.
For proposed greenfield sites, a cherry-picker will be used.
Slide No.11

Frequency Channel Selection
The necessary number of channels need to be identified from the
channels available
With input from the customer
The channels used should be free from occupation
From the guard bands
Other free channels according to the up-to-date frequency plan
The channels selected will need to be verified by conducting a pre-test
drive
It should always precede the actual CW drive test to verify the exact
free frequency to be used
It should cover the same route of the actual propagation test
A field strength plot is generated on the collected data to confirm the
channel suitability
Slide No.12

Transmit Power Setting
For propagation model tuning, the maximum transmit power is used
For candidate site testing, the transmit power of the test transmitter is
determined using the actual BTS link budget to simulate the coverage
On sites with existing antenna system, it is recommended that the
transmit power to be reduced to avoid interference or inter-modulation to
other networks.
The amount of reduction is subject to the possibility if separating the test
antenna from the existing antennas
Slide No.13

Drive Route Determination
The drive route of the data collection is planned prior to the drive test
using a detail road map
Eliminate duplicate route to reduce the testing time
For propagation model tuning, each clutter is tested individually and the
drive route for each test site is planned to map the clutter under-study for
the respective sites.
It is important to collect a statistically significant amount of data, typically
a minimum of 300 to 400 data points are required for each clutter
category
The data should be evenly distributed with respect to distance from the
transmitter
In practice, the actual drive route will be modified according to the latest
development which was not shown on the map. The actual drive route
taken should be marked on a map for record purposes
Slide No.14
CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test

Transmitter Equipment Setup
Test antenna location
Free from any nearby obstacle, to ensure free propagation in both
horizontal and vertical dimension
For sites with existing antennas, precaution should be taken to avoid
possible interference and/or inter-modulation
Transmitter installation
A complete set of 360 photographs of the test location (at the test height)
and the antenna setup should be taken for record
Slide No.15

Scanning Receiver Setup - HP 7475A Receiver Example
HP 7475A Receiver
Slide No.16

Scanning Receiver Setup
The scanning rate of the receiver should always be set to allow at least
36 sample per 40 wavelength to average out the Rayleigh Fading effect.
For example: scanning rate = 100 sample/s
test frequency = 1800 MHz
therefore, to achieve 36 sample/40 wavelength, the max. speed is =
40 0.1667
18.52 m / s 66.67 km / h
36/100
It is recommended that : Beside scanning the test channel, the neighbouring cells is also
monitored. This information can be used to check the coverage overlap
and potential interference
Check the field strength reading close to the test antenna before
starting the test, it should approach the scanning receiver saturation
Slide No.17
Measurement Data Processing

Data Averaging
This can be done during the drive testing or during the data processing
stage, depending on the scanner receiver and the associated postprocessing software
The bin size of the distance averaging depends on the size of the human
made structure in the test environment
Report Generation
For propagation model tuning, the measurement data is exported into the
planning tool (e.g. Asset)
Plots can also be generated using the processing tool or using MapInfo
During the export of the measurement data, it is important to take care of
the coordinate system used, a conversion is necessary if different
coordinate systems are used
Slide No.18
Propagation Model
COST 231 - Hata propagation model
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9 log(f) - 13.82 log(Hb) - a(Hm) + [44.9 - 6.55 log(Hb)] log(d) + Cm
where
a(Hm) = [1.1*log(f) - 0.7]*Hm - [1.56*log(f) -0.8]
For medium sized city, suburban centres with moderate tree density
Cm = 0 dB
For metropolitan centres
Cm = 3 dB
The propagation model applies with condition : Frequency of operation (f)

: 1500 - 2000 MHz
Base station height (Hb): 30 - 200 m
Mobile height (Hm)
: 1 - 10 m
Distance (d)
: 1 - 20 km
Slide No.19
Propagation Model
Hata Model
Lu (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log(f) - 13.82 log(Hb) - a(Hm) + [44.9 - 6.55 log(Hb)] log(d)
For medium-small city

a(Hm) = [1.1 log(f) -0.7] Hm - [1.56 log(f) -0.8]
For large city

a(Hm) = 8.29 [log(1.54 Hm)]2 - 1.1
a(Hm) = 3.2 [log(11.75 Hm)]2 - 4.97
for f <= 200 MHz

for f >= 400 MHz
For Suburban
Lsu (dB) = Lu - 2 [log(f/28)]2 - 5.4
For Rural (Quasi-open)

Lrqo (dB) = Lu - 4.78 [log(f)]2 + 18.33 log(f) - 35.94
For Rural (Open area)

Lrqo (dB) = Lu - 4.78 [log(f)]2 + 18.33 log(f) - 40.94
Slide No.20

Drive Test
Initiate a file to record the measurement with an agreed naming
convention
Maintain the drive test vehicle speed according to the pre-set scanning
rate
Follow the pre-plan drive route as closely as possible
Insert marker wherever necessary during the test to indicate special
locations such as perceived hot spot, potential interferer etc.
Monitor the GPS signal and field strength level throughout the test, any
extraordinary reading should be inspected before resuming the test
Dismantling Equipment
It is recommended to re-confirm the transmit power (as the pre-set value)
before dismantling the transmitter setup
Slide No.21
Propagation Model
Hata Model
The propagation model applies with condition : Frequency of operation (f)
: 150 - 1000 MHz
Base station height (Hb): 30 - 200 m
Mobile height (Hm)
: 1 - 10 m
Distance (d)
: 1 - 20 km
Slide No.22
Propagation Model
Standard Macrocell Model for Asset
Lp (dB) = K1 + K2 log(d) + K3 Hm + K4 log(Hm) + K5 log(Heff)
+ K6 log(Heff) log(d) + K7 Diffraction + Clutter factor
where
Lp, Diffraction, Clutter factor are in dB

d, Hm, Heff are in m
It is based on the Okumura-Hata empirical model, with a number of

additional features to enhance its flexibility
Known to be valid for frequencies from 150MHz to 2GHz
Applies in condition : Base station height : 30 - 200 m
Mobile height
: 1 - 10 m
Distance
: 1 - 20 km
An optional second intercept and slope (K1, K2) for the creation of a twopiece model with the slope changing at the specified breakpoint distance.
Slide No.23
Link Budget
Link Budget Element of a GSM Network
BTS Antenna Gain
Max. Path Loss
Fade Margin
LNA
(optional)
Penetration Loss
MS Antenna Gain,
Body and Cable Loss
Feeder Loss
ACE
Loss
Diversity
Gain
BTS Transmit
Power
BTS Receiver
Sensitivity
Mobile Transmit
Power
Slide No.24
Mobile Receiver
Sensitivity
Link Budget
BTS Transmit Power
Maximum transmit power
GSM900 and 1800 networks use radios with 46dBm maximum transmit power
ACE Loss
Includes all diplexers, combiners and connectors.
Depends on the ACE configuration
The ACE configuration depends on the number of TRXs and combiners used
No of
TRXs
1 or 2
1 or 2
3 or 4
3 or 4
Network
ACE Configuration
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM900
GSM1800
2 antennas per cell, diplexer

2 antennas per cell, diplexer
2 antennas per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner
2 antennas per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner
Slide No.25
Downlink ACE
Loss (dB)
1.0
1.2
4.4
4.4
Link Budget
Mobile Receiver Sensitivity
The sensitivity of GSM900 and GSM1800 mobile = -102 dBm
The following should be noted : The sensitivity level is not sufficient to achieve
RXQUAL of 4 without frequency hopping
RXQUAL of 5 with frequency hopping
A mobile receiver that moves at 50km/h averages the fading, but a static
one will be under more severe fading influences. Therefore : If the quality of a static mobile needs to be considered, then a quality
margin of approximately 4 - 5 dB is used
The mobile sensitivity would be -97 or -98 dBm
Slide No.26
Link Budget
Mobile Transmit Power
GSM900 : Typical mobile class 4 (2W)
GSM1800 : Typical mobile class 1 (1W)
Class
1
2
3
4
5
GSM 900 (Watt/dBm)

8 / 39
5 / 37
2 / 33
0.8 / 29
GSM 1800 (Watt/dBm)

1 / 30
0.25 / 24
4 / 36
-
LNA (Optional)
To improve the performance of the uplink
Should be located close to the antenna to : Improve the system noise figure
Compensate the feeder losses
Slide No.27
Mast Head Amplifier

Achieves quality impovement and cell expansion by improving
receive sensitivity at the antenna
The Mast Head Amplifier is installed in the receive path, close to the
antenna
It compensates for the cable loss between antenna and BTS, for the
uplink path, allowing higher BTS transmit powers while retaining
path balance.
Only effective in uplink-limited cells
Slide No.28
Link Budget
Diversity Gain
Two common techniques used : Space
Polarisation
Reduce the effect of multipath fading on the uplink
Common value of 3 to 4.5 dB being used
BTS Receiver Sensitivity
Depends on the type of propagation environment model used, most
commonly used TU50 model
BTS2000 : Receiver Sensitivity for GSM900 = -107 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity for GSM1800 = -108 dBm
Slide No.29
Link Budget
Feeder Loss
Depends on the feeder type and feeder length
The selection of the feeder type would depends on the feeder length, I.e.
to try to limit to feeder loss to 2 - 3 dB.
BTS Antenna Gain
Antenna gain has a direct relationship to the cell size
The selection of the antenna type depends on : The morphology classes of the targeted area and coverage
requirements
Zoning and Local authority regulations/limitations
Common antenna types used : 65, 90, omni-directional antennas with different gains
Slide No.30
Link Budget
Slow Fading Margin
To reserve extra signal power to overcome potential slow fading.
Depends on the requirement of coverage probability and the standard
deviation of the fading
A design can take into consideration : both outdoor and in-building coverage, which utilises a combined
standard deviation for indoor and outdoor (Default Lucent value = 9dB)
Only outdoor coverage (Default Lucent value = 7dB)
Pathloss slope used, 45dB/dec (Dense Urban), 42dB/dec (Urban),
38dB/dec (Suburban) and 33dB/dec (Rural)
Cell Area
Coverage
Probability
(%)
85
90
95
Combined (outdoor &

indoor) slow fade margin
(dB)
DU
U
SU
RU
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
9
9
9
10
Outdoor slow fade margin

(dB)
DU
1
3
6
Slide No.31
U
1
3
6
SU
2
4
7
RU
2
4
7
Link Budget
Penetration Loss
Penetration loss depends on the building structure and material
Penetration loss is included for in-building link budget
Typical value used for Asia-Pacific environment (if country specific
information is not available) : Dense Urban
: 20 dB
Urban
: 18 dB
Suburban
: 15 dB
Rural
: 9 dB
Body Loss
Typical value of 2dB body loss is used
MS Antenna Gain
A typical mobile antenna gain of 2.2 dBi is used
Slide No.32
Link Budget
Link Budget Example (GSM900)
UPLINK
MS Transmit Power
Cable Loss
MS Antenna Gain
Body Loss
Penetration Loss
Slow Fade Margin
Max. Path Loss
BTS Antenna Gain
LNA Gain
Feeder Loss
ACE Loss
Diversity Gain
BTS Receiver Sensitivity
33 dBm
0 dB
2.2 dBi
2 dB
W
X
Y
18 dBi
0 dB
2 dB
0 dB
4 dB
-107 dBm
DOWNLINK
BTS Transmit Power
ACE Loss
Feeder Loss
LNA Gain
BTS Antenna Gain
Max. Path Loss
Slow Fade Margin
Penetration Loss
Body Loss
MS Antenna Gain
Cable Loss
Diversity Gain
MS Receiver Sensitivity
Slide No.33
46 dBm
Z
2 dB
0 dB
18 dBi
Y
X
W
2 dB
2.2 dBi
0 dB
0 dB
-102 dBm
Antenna
Antenna Selection
Gain
Beamwidths in horizontal and vertical radiated planes
VSWR
Frequency range
Nominal impedance
Radiated pattern (beamshape) in horizontal and vertical planes
Downtilt available (electrical, mechanical)
Polarisation
Connector types (DIN, N)
Height, weight, windload and physical dimensions
Slide No.34
Antenna
The antenna selection process
Identify system specifications such as polarisation, impedance and
bandwidth
Select the azimuth or horizontal plane pattern to obtain the needed
coverage
Select the elevation or vertical plane pattern to be as narrow as possible,
consistent with practical limitations of size, weight and cost
Check other parameters such as cost, power rating, size, weight,
mounting capabilities, wind loading, connector types, aesthetics and
reliability to ensure that they meet system requirements
Slide No.35
Antenna
System Specification
Impedance and frequency bandwidth is normally associated with the
communication system used
The polarisation would depends on if polarisation diversity is used
Horizontal Plane Pattern
Three categories for the horizontal plane pattern : Omnidirectional
Sectored (directional)
Narrow beam (highly directional)
Elevation Plane Pattern
Choosing the antenna with the smallest elevation plane beamwidth will
give maximum gain. However, beamwidth and size are inversely related
Electrical down tilt
Null filling
Slide No.36
Antenna
Example
90 vs 60 horizontal beamwidth
Bore sight gain vs performance at sector cross over
Indoor : 90 antenna gives a more circular coverage
Vertical Beamwidth
Wider vertical beamwidth, better RF performance in rolling terrain
Excessive Multipath Environment
Reduce horizontal and vertical beamwidth
Long Bridge over Water
Very high gain antennas with extremely narrow beamwidth
Slide No.37
Receive Diversity
Diversity schemes provide two or more inputs at the receiver so that the
fading phenomena among the inputs are less correlated
Types of Receive Antenna Diversity
Space diversity
Polarisation diversity
Space Diversity
Two receive antenna separated physically by a distance, d
The separation, d, varies with the antenna height
, f( )
where
h = antenna height
d = antenna separation distance
= correlation coefficient of 2 signals received
For practical limitation, the diversity antenna distance for : GSM900 : approximately 3 m
GSM1800 : approximately 1.5 m
Slide No.38
Nominal RF Design
Link Budget
Propagation
model
Coverage
requirements
Site radius
Nominal RF
Design
(coverage)
Maximum
path loss
Typical site
configuration
Transmit Power
Antenna configuration
(type, height, azimuth)
Site type (sector, omni)
Traffic
requirements
Standard hexagon site

layout
Friendly, candidate sites
Initial site survey inputs
Traffic
requirements
Recalculate the site

radius using the
number of sites from
the traffic requirement
Repeat the nominal
RF design
Coverage site
count
Traffic site
count
Traffic > Cov.

Cov. > Traffic
Slide No.39
Nominal site
count
Nominal RF Design
Calculation of cell radius
A typical cell radius is calculated for each clutter environment
This cell radius is used as a guide for the site distance in the respective
clutter environment
The actual site distance could varies due to local terrain
Inputs for the cell radius calculation : Maximum pathloss (from the link budget)
Typical site configuration (for each clutter environment)
Propagation model
Example (GSM1800) : Maximum Pathloss = 138 dB
Typical Site Configuration (Urban)
Antenna Height = 30 m
EiRP = 56 dBm
Standard COST231 model

Mobile Height = 1.5 m
Slide No.40
Nominal RF Design
COST231-Hata model (Urban)
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9 log(f) - 13.82 log(Hb) - a(Hm) + [44.9 - 6.55 log(Hb)] log(d)
a(Hm) = 0.0432
Rearranging the equation and substituting the value given :35.22 Log(d) = 136.24 - 0.0432 - 138
d = 0.889 km
The cell radius is calculated without using any terrain/clutter information
A margin is taken to take into consideration of diffraction and
implementation margin
A clutter offset (for each clutter type) can be applied
In a standard 3 sector hexagon site configuration, the relationship
between the cell radius and site distance is :Site Distance = 1.5 x Maximum Cell Radius
Slide No.41
Nominal RF Design
There are different level of nominal RF design : Only using the cell radius/site distance calculated and placing ideal
hexagon cell layout
Using the combination of the calculated cell radius and the
existing/friendly sites from the customer
Slide No.42
Nominal RF Design
The site distance also depends on the required capacity
In most mobile network, the traffic density is highest within the CBD area
and major routes/intersections
The cell radius would need to be reduce in this area to meet the traffic
requirements
If the total sites for the traffic requirement is more than the sites
required for coverage, the nominal RF design is repeated using the
number of sites from the traffic requirement
Recalculating the cell radius for the high traffic density areas
The calculation steps are : Calculate the area to be covered per site
Calculate the maximum cell radius
Calculate the site distance
Slide No.43
Site Realisation
Lucent
Objective
Lucent
Link objective to
sites
Prioritise
objective
Lucent
Add sites to
survey schedule
Cust / Lucent
Site Survey
Lucent
Site
Identification
process
RF Design
No
Planning
meeting
High priority
objectives with
linked sites
Cust / Lucent
Yes
Prioritise sites
No
Lucent
Site Package
forwarded to Cust
Yes
Other sites
available for
objective ?
Accepted
Cust / Lucent
Implementation
Slide No.44
Rejected
Site Realisation
Suitable
Y
Candidates?
Release of
Search Ring
Candidates
Approved?
Next
candidate
Problem
identifying
candidate
Caravan next
candidate
Exhausted
candidates
Y
Discuss
alternative with
customer
Driveby, RF
suggest possible
alternative
Issue design
change
Cell split
required
All parties
agreed at
Caravan
Arranged
Caravan
Candidate
approved?
Exhausted
candidates
Y
Y
Additional sites
required
Slide No.45
Produce
Final RF
Design
Site Realisation
Search Ring Form
Site Search Ring Release

Site Id :
1001
Site Name : Hillborough
Design Engineer :
Phase :
Date (DD/MM/YYYY) :
John D
Longitude:
Ground Elevation (mts):
60
Antenna Type
Minutes
55
Seconds
18.28
S/E
S
174
45
40.80
Kathrein
739-495
Recommended Antenna Height
Dummy
Degree
36
Morphology :
High Rise Buiding
Dense-Urban
Suburban
X
Rural
Other
Sector 1
Sector 2
0
0
120
Preliminary Configuration :
Antenna Orientation
Search Area :
1.0
Project ID :
Latitude :
Site ID
Site Name
Latitude/Longitude
Project name
Issue Number and date
Ground height
Clutter environment
Preliminary configuration
01/06/2000
Form.Revision.No. :
Kathrein
739-495
Urban
Industrial
Sector 3
240
Kathrein
739-495
15
As marked on attached map.
Search Radius :
150m
Objective : Hillsborough
0
Attachments:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Propagation Plot (GRAND/CE4/____________) :

Copy of Map showing Theoretical Site and Search Area ?
Auckland Street Directory Map No.:
Terrain and Clutter Plot (GRAND / CE4 / ___________) :
MW Transmission connectivity diagram
Any other Document (specify)
No
Yes
48/AW31
No
Remarks:
Project Office
Project / Implementation Manager :
Name :
Date :
Proceed :
Slide No.46
Release Date :
Release To :
Response Due Date :
DCC CN :
Yes
Number of sector
Azimuth
Antenna type
Antenna height
Search ring radius

Search ring objective
Attachment
RELEASE APPROVAL PROCESS

RF
RF Manager :
Name :
Date :
No
Location map
Approvals
Site Realisation
Candidate Assessment Report
Includes all suitable candidates for the search ring
For each candidates : Location (latitude/longitude)
Location map showing the relative location of the candidates and also
the search ring
Candidate information (height, owner etc)
Photographs (360 set, rooftop, access, building)
Possible antenna mounting position
Possible base station equipment location
Information for any existing antennas
Planning reports/comments (restrictions, possibilities of approval etc.)
Slide No.47
Site Realisation
RF and Transmission Final Configuration Form
Site ID:
RF Engineer:
Final RF Configuration Form
Transmission Eng:
Site Acquisition:
Date:
Version:
Base Station configuration
Contact Address/Telephone
Site Address
Structure Type
Building
Existing Tower
Monopole
Structure Height
RF Details
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
LOS 1
LOS 2
LOS 3
Orientation (deg/TN)
Antenna Height(m)
Antenna Type
Downtilt (E/M)
Antenna Location
Feeder Type
Feeder Length (m)
BTS Type
Max.Tx Power (dBm)
Initial RT Configuration
Future RT Configuration
Transmission Details
Far End Site ID
Bearing (deg/MN)
Height (m)
Omni
Azimuth
Antenna height
Antenna type
Down tilt
Antenna location
Feeder type and length
BTS type
Transmit power
Transceiver configuration
Antenna Model
Antenna Size (ft/mm)
Antenna Location
Capacity (E1/T1)
Freq. Band (Ghz)
Additional Comments
Signed
RF Engineer
Slide No.48
Tx Engineer
DCC C/N
Site Realisation
The suitability of a candidate site is determine based on the coverage
that the candidate will provide (against the design coverage) and the
interference that the candidate site will cause
Antenna selection
Type : omni, directional (options of various beamwidth)
Type : Cross-polarised, vertical polarised
Downtilt : fixed, variable
Gain (low, medium, high)
Antenna installation
Clear of any local clutters, obstructions
d 2D2/, where D is the maximum antenna dimension
Obstacles within the surrounding region can dramatically distort RF
radiation pattern
Position antenna such that at least the main lobe is un-obstructed
1:3 rule of thumb for antenna height vs distance to roof top parapet
Slide No.49
Site Realisation
Antenna installation
Omni-directional antenna
Normally mounted at the highest point possible
If it is side mounted, the antenna pattern will be distorted due to tower RF
wave reflection and shadowing
Directional antenna
For the new cross-polarised antenna, all the 3 antennas can be mounted
on a single pole
Wall Mounting
Ideal perpendicular to wall surface
Avoid metal building structural objects
Corner Mounting
Maximum 15 from perpendicular direction to avoid distortion
Slide No.50
Site Realisation
Collocating with other antennas
Spurious emission
Cause rx desensitization (noise floor increase)
Level should be 10dB below thermal noise floor
IMP3
Cause by rx LNA non-linearity
IMP3 level 10dB below thermal noise floor
Receiver overload
Total received power drive amplifier into non-linear gain region
Total rx power 5dB below 1dB compression point of rx amplifier
Use vertical separation if possible (provide better decoupling)
Slide No.51
Site Realisation
Antenna downtilt
= arctan(h/2R) + BWv/2
= 180 - 2* arctan(R/h)
where
(equation 1)
(equation 2)
R = cell radius
h = antenna height
BWv = antenna vertical beamwidth
Arctan(h/2R)
desired
Interfering
R
Arctan(h/R)
desired
R
Slide No.52
Site Realisation
Antenna downtilt reduces the interference to neighbouring cells and
enhance the weak spots in the cell
Equation 1 is used to control extreme interference, reduces the
interference at the neighbouring cell (d=2R) by 3dB
Equation 2 is used to improve interference, preserving the coverage at
the edge of the cell (d=R)
RF feeder run : Proposed route
Feeder length
Feeder type
Slide No.53
Traffic Engineering
Spectrum
Available
Reuse factor
Traffic
Requirement
Maximum number of
TRX per cell
Channel
loading
No of TCH
available
Traffic offered
Slide No.54
Subscriber
supported
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Requirement
The Erlang per subscriber (during busy hour) is given by :-
Erlang / sub
BHCA Average call holding time( s )

3600
where
BHCA = Busy hour call attempt

Average call holding time = Duration of time (s)
for an average call
Grade of Service (GoS)

GoS is expressed as the percentage of call attempts that are blocked
during peak traffic
Most cellular systems are designed to a blocking rate of 1% to 5% during
busy hour
Outside busy hour, the blocking rate is much lower
Slide No.55
Traffic Engineering
Frequency Reuse
In designing a frequency reuse plan, it is necessary to develop a regular
pattern on which to assign frequencies
The hexagon is chosen because it most closely approximated the
coverage produced by an omni or sector site
Common reuse factor : 4/12, 7/21
Slide No.56
Traffic Engineering
Distance to Cell Radius and C/I
The reuse cluster size, N and the D/R ratio are related by :-
D
3N
R
where D is the distance separation between cell centers and R is the cell
radius
As N decreases, the D/R ratio becomes smaller and the C/I ratio goes
down, interference increases
As the number of sector increases, the number of potential interferers
decreases. For example, using a 3 sector configuration reduces the
number of first tier interferers from 6 to 2
In GSM conventional frequency planning, the 4/12 reuse pattern is
typical. Using the inverse 3.5 exponent law, a mean C/I ratio of ~18dB
would be found at the edge of the cell
Advance frequency planning techniques further reduces the reuse factor
Slide No.57
Traffic Engineering
Example : Available spectrum = 10 MHz
Available channels : 48 channels
Design 1
Proposed Reuse factor = 4/12
Channels required per TRX layer : 12
Number of TRX : 4
Design 2
Proposed reuse factor for BCCH = 4/12

Proposed reuse factor for remaining TRX = 3/9
Number of channels for BCCH layer = 12
Remaining channels = 36
Number of channels for non-BCCH layer = 9
Number of non-BCCH layers = 4
Total number of TRX = 5
Slide No.58
Traffic Engineering
Channel Loading
As the number of TRX increases, the control channels required increases
accordingly
The following channel loading is used for conventional GSM network
For services such as cell broadcast, additional control channels might be
required
Number of TRX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Control Channels
Combined BCCH/SDCCH
Combined BCCH/SDCCH
1 BCCH, 1 SDCCH
1 BCCH, 1 SDCCH
1 BCCH, 2 SDCCH
1 BCCH, 2 SDCCH
1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH
1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH
Slide No.59
Number of TCH
7
15
22
30
37
45
52
60
Traffic Engineering
After determining the number of TCH available and the traffic
requirements, the traffic offered is calculated using the Erlang B table
For example, for a 2% GoS and 3 TRX configuration, the traffic offered is
14.9 Erlang
If the traffic per subscriber is 35mE/subscriber, then the total subscribers
supported per sector = 425
For a uniform traffic distribution network, the number of sites required

for the traffic requirement is :Total sites
Total subscribers
Subscriber supported per site
Slide No.60
Traffic Engineering
Erlang B Table
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1% 1.20% 1.50%
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.46
0.49
0.54
0.87
0.92
0.99
1.36
1.43
1.52
1.91
2
2.11
2.5
2.6
2.74
3.13
3.25
3.4
3.78
3.92
4.09
4.46
4.61
4.81
5.16
5.32
5.54
5.88
6.05
6.29
6.61
6.8
7.05
7.35
7.56
7.82
8.11
8.33
8.61
8.88
9.11
9.41
9.65
9.89
10.2
10.4
10.7
11
11.2
11.5
11.8
12
12.3
12.7
12.8
13.1
13.5
13.7
14
14.3
14.5
14.8
15.2
2%
0.02
0.22
0.6
1.09
1.66
2.28
2.94
3.63
4.34
5.08
5.84
6.61
7.4
8.2
9.01
9.83
10.7
11.5
12.3
13.2
14
14.9
15.8
3%
0.03
0.28
0.72
1.26
1.88
2.54
3.25
3.99
4.75
5.53
6.33
7.14
7.97
8.8
9.65
10.5
11.4
12.2
13.1
14.0
14.9
15.8
16.7
5%
0.05
0.38
0.9
1.52
2.22
2.96
3.74
4.54
5.37
6.22
7.08
7.95
8.83
9.73
10.6
11.5
12.5
13.4
14.3
15.2
16.2
17.1
18.1
7%
0.1
0.5
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.3
4.1
5
5.9
6.8
7.7
8.6
9.5
10.5
11.4
12.4
13.4
14.3
15.3
16.3
17.3
18.2
19.2
10%
0.11
0.6
1.27
2.05
2.88
3.76
4.67
5.6
6.55
7.51
8.49
9.47
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.6
17.6
18.7
19.7
20.7
15%
0.18
0.8
1.6
2.5
3.45
4.44
5.46
6.5
7.55
8.62
9.69
10.8
11.9
13
14.1
15.2
16.3
17.4
18.5
19.6
20.8
21.9
23
Slide No.61
20% 30% 40% 50%

0.25 0.43 0.67
1
1 1.45
2 2.73
1.93 2.63 3.48 4.59
2.95 3.89 5.02
6.5
4.01 5.19
6.6 8.44
5.11 6.51 8.19 10.4
6.23 7.86
9.8 12.4
7.37 9.21 11.4 14.3
8.52 10.6
13 16.3
9.68
12 14.7 18.3
10.9 13.3 16.3 20.3
12 14.7
18 22.2
13.2 16.1 19.6 24.2
14.4 17.5 21.2 26.2
15.6 18.9 22.9 28.2
16.8 20.3 24.5 30.2
18 21.7 26.2 32.2
19.2 23.1 27.8 34.2
20.4 24.5 29.5 36.2
21.6 25.9 31.2 38.2
22.8 27.3 32.8 40.2
24.1 28.7 34.5 42.1
25.3 30.1 36.1 44.1
Traffic Engineering - Example

Given
Traffic distribution
Supporting up to 10,000 startup sub

: 2% (0.02)
GOS
Traffic/subs : 25 mErlang(0.025 Erlang)
NORTH
(40%)
Solutions
A = function(GOS, #TCH) - refer Erlang B table
B = A x # Sector
Radio Network Capacity = B/Erlang per Sub
Slide No.62
SOUTH
(60%)
Traffic Engineering - Example

BTS Count with Respective TRX Configuration For Traffic Regions
Region
1 North
2 South
Clutter
Dense
Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Dense
Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Total
BTS
Configuration
1/1/1
No of
BTS
4
Radio Network
Capacity
Capacity
Forecast
1/1/1
1/1
1
1/1/1
6
3
1
5
4,351
4,000
1/1/1
1/1
1
10
2
2
33
5,998
6,000
10,349
10,000
Slide No.63
Traffic Engineering
If a traffic map is provided, the traffic engineering is done together
with the coverage design
After the individual sites are located, the estimated number of
subscribers in each sector is calculated by : Calculating the physical area covered by each sector
Multiply it by the average subscriber density per unit area in that region
The overlap areas between the sectors should be included in each sector
because either sector is theoretically capable of serving the area
The number of channels required is then determined by : Calculating the total Erlangs by multiplying the area covered by the
average load generated per subscriber during busy hour
Determine the required number of TCH and then the required number of
TRXs
If the number of TRXs required exceeded the number of TRXs supported
by the available spectrum, additional sites will be required
Slide No.64

CW 02

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