PE-3231

Week 1

Hydraulic and
Pneumatic System
Design

Fundamentals
of Fluid
Mechanics
Prof. Charlton S. Inao
Defence University
College of Engineering
1

Fluid power
What is fluid power?
Fluid power is a term describing hydraulics
and
pneumatics
technologies.
Both
technologies use a fluid (liquid or gas) to
transmit power from one location to another.
With hydraulics, the fluid is a liquid (usually
oil), whereas pneumatics uses a gas (usually
compressed air).

Both are forms of power transmission, which is

the technology of converting power to a more
useable form and distributing it to where it is
needed.
The
common
methods
of
power transmission are electrical, mechanical,
and fluid power.
Although they sometimes are viewed as
competing technologies, no single method of
power transmission is the best choice for all
applications. In fact, most applications are
served by a combination of technologies.
However, fluid power offers important
advantages over the other technologies.
3

 Fluid power systems easily produce

linear motion using hydraulic or
pneumatic
cylinders,
whereas
electrical and mechanical methods
usually must use a mechanical
to convert
device
Fluid power
systemsrotational
generally motion
can
to
linear. equivalent power within a
transmit
much smaller space than mechanical or
electrical drives can, especially when
extremely high force or torque is
required.
4

Fluid power systems also offer

simple and effective control of
direction, speed, force, and torque
using simple control valves. Fluid
power systems often do not require
electrical power, which eliminates the
risk of electrical shock, sparks, fire,
and explosions.
5

What is Hydraulics?
Study of liquids at rest and in motion,
specially
under
pressure,
and
application of that knowledge in design
and control of machines.
In comparison, pneumatics is
concerned with gases and their
behavior under pressure
6

The word hydraulics is based on the Greek

word for water, and originally covered the study
of the physical behavior of water at rest and in
motion. Use has broadened its meaning to include
the behavior of all liquids, although it is primarily
concerned with the motion of liquids.
Hydraulics includes the manner in which
liquids act in tanks and pipes, deals with their
properties, and explores ways to take advantage
of these properties.

Hydraulics are used for the generation, control,

and transmission of power by the use of
pressurized liquids.
Hydraulic topics range through some part of
science and most of engineering modules, and
cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design,
fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps,
turbines, hydropower, computational fluid
dynamics, flow measurement, river channel
behavior and erosion.
8

Fundamentals
Pneumatic

Hydraulic

Compressed Air

Industrial Oil

Light loads,6-8 bars

Heavy loads, unlimited, no OL

Fast, erratic

Slow, stable

Compressor

Pump

Compressible

Incompressible

Air Receiver/Air Reservoir

Tank

Exhaust to Atmosphere

Liquid back to Tank

PU tubes

Hi pressure Wire braided hose

10

Hydraulic System

Hydraulic System

Hydraulic System

Hydraulic Reservoir

Filter Location in hydraulics

Physical Properties of Hydraulic

Fluids
Hydraulic fluid(s), also called hydraulic
liquid(s), are the medium by which power is
transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common
hydraulic fluids are based on waste, mineral
oil or water.
Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned
above will work most efficiently if the
hydraulic fluid used has zero compressibility.
16

Major functions of a hydraulic fluid and the

properties of a fluid that affect its ability to perform
that function

17

Most important three

physical properties of
Fluids

1. Density can be considered

constant.

2. Viscosity of fluids varies markedly

with temperature and to a much lesser
degree with pressure.
3. Bulk modulus essentially depends
on pressure, entrained air and
mechanical
compliance.
18

19

20

Distribution
and
Flow in Pipes
21

Fluid flow
Flow is a loose term that generally has
three distinct meanings:
volumetric flow is used to measure volume of
fluid passing a point per unit of time. Where the
fluid is a compressible gas, temperature and
pressure must be specified or flow normalised
to some standard temperature and pressure
mass flow measures the mass of fluid passing
the point in unit time
velocity of flow measures linear speed (in m s
-1, say) past the point of measurement. Flow
velocity is of prime importance in the design of
hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

22

Laminar and turbulent flow

The nature of the flow is determined by the Reynolds number, R c,

given by the expression:

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

23

Flow through pipes

Volume flow rate is Q=vA

Mass flow rate is Qm=vA
Where v is average velocity

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

24

Pressure and Force.

Pressure is force exerted against a
specific area (force per unit area)
An example of pressure is the air (gas)
that fills an automobile tire.

Force is anything that tends to

produce or modify (push or pull)
motion and is expressed in Newton.
F = PA

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

25

Basic Formula
Pressure =Force/Area; N/m2
Power=Work/time=Nm/s
Work =Force X distance
travelled=Nm
Flow rate= Area x velocity;
Q=AV=m2.m/s
Power= Pressure x Flow Rate=N/m2x
m3/s=J/s=W
Torque= Force x radius=Nm

Units of Pressure

Pascal's Law.
Blaise Pascal formulated the basic law of hydraulics
in the mid 17th century.
He discovered that pressure exerted on a fluid acts
equally in all directions.
His law states that pressure in a confined fluid is
transmitted undiminished in every direction and
acts with equal force on equal areas and at right
angles to a container's walls.
It is known for Equilibrium and force amplification as
long as the distance or lever arm is enough ( from
the small diameter pipe /tube but with long lever
arm) to equate the WORK from bigger diameter but
small distance on the other side of the system.
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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

28

Basic Physical Laws

Pressure Equilibrium
Force -AreaDistance Area
relationship
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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

Work =Fd
1lb x 10 in=10lbs x
inch

Pressure
Equilibrium
1 lb/1 sq in.=10
lbs/10 sq in.
29

Pascals Law=Force multiplication

with constant pressure
Force
Progress
5kg
250
37,500 kgf

P=5kg/2 cm2=2.5
kg/cm2

P=37500
kgf/15,000
cm2=2.5kg/cm2
F=2.50 kgf x
15000
cm2=37,500
kgf

250 kg/ 100 cm2=2.5 kg/cm2

Pressure is
uniform=2.5kgf/cm2

Pascals Law
Pf = P0 + gh

When there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid,

there is an equal increase at every point in the container.
In a fluid, all points at the same depth must be at the same pressure.
Consider a fluid in equilibrium.

PA - Ahg P0A = 0
P = P0 + gh

Pascal,s Law

Hydraulics
You have to push down the piston on the
left far down to achieve some change in
the height of the piston on the right.

Pressure is equal at the bottom of both containers

(because its the same depth!)
P = F2/A2 = F1/A1 and since A1 < A2, F2 > F1
There is a magnification of force, just like a lever, but
work stays the same! (conservation of energy). W = F 1*
D1 = F 2 * D 2
D1 > D 2

Bernoullis Equation(Continuity
Equation)
Bernoullis
equation is an
equation used to
Law
of conservation
determine
the
of mass/Energy
head of the fluid.

Energy Entering the system = energy Leaving

the system + EnergyLoss

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Ef=flow energy of mass entering the system

P =potential energy
K= kinetic energy of mass entering the system

Ef1 + P1+K1=Ef2 + P2 + K2

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

33

Bernoullis equation for an

Ideal system
Neglecting friction, the total head
or the total amount of energy per
unit mass or weight is the same at
every point
in the
path of
flow
Bernoullis
equation
if friction
is considered

With continuous steady flow, the total head at any point in the stream is equal to the total
head at any downstream point plus the head loss between two points..

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34

Derivation of Bernoullis
Equation
Etotal = 1/2mv2 + mgh
W = F/A*A*d = PV
Consider the change in total energy of the fluid as it moves from the inlet to the
outlet.
Etotal = W done on fluid - Wdone by fluid
Etotal = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) (1/2mv12 + mgh2)
Wdone on fluid - Wdone by fluid = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) (1/2mv12 + mgh2)
P2V2 - P1V1 = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) (1/2mv12 + mgh2)
P2 P1 = (1/2 v12 + gh1) (1/2 v12 + gh1)

P2 + 1/2 v12 + gh1 = P1 + 1/2 v12 + gh1

Venturi Tube

A2 < A1 ; V2 > V1
According to Bernoullis Law, pressure at A2 is lower.
Choked flow: Because pressure cannot be negative,
total flow rate will be limited. This is useful in
controlling fluid velocity.
P2 + 1/2 v12 = P1 + 1/2 v12

v12)

P = /2*(v22

Daniel Bernoulli
A Swiss scientist
born in 1700s that is
most famous for his
work in fluid pressure.
He died in 1782.

BERNOULLIS THEOREM
Bernoullis theorem which is also known as
Bernoullis principle, states that an increase
in the speed of moving air or a flowing fluid
is accompanied by a decrease in the air or
fluidspressure or sum of the kinetic
(velocity head), pressure(static head) and
Potential energy energy of the fluid at any
point remains constant, provided that the
flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless
and the fluid is incompressible.

BERNOULLIS EQUATION

If a section of pipe is as shown above,

then Bernoullis Equation can be written as;

BERNOULLIS EQUATION

Where (in SI units)

P= static pressure of fluid at the cross section;
= density of the flowing fluid in;
g= acceleration due to gravity;
v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in;
h= elevation head of the center of the cross section with
respect to a datum.

HOW TO VERIFY?
The
converging-diverging
nozzle
apparatus (Venturi meter) is used
toshow the validity of Bernoullis
Equation. The data taken will show the
presence of fluid energy losses, often
attributed
to
friction
and
the
turbulence
and
eddy
currents
associated with a separation of flow
from the conduit walls.

APPARATUSES USED
Arrangement of Venturi
meter apparatus(fig.1)
Hydraulic bench(fig. 2).
Stop watch(fig.3).

fig. 2

fig. 3

PROCEDURE
1.Note down the inlet, throat and outlet section areas.
2.Measure the distances of inlet, throat ant outlet
section from origin.
3.Switch on the motor attached to hydraulic bench.
4.If there any water bubble is present in tube remove
it by using air bleed screw.
5.Fully open the control valve.
6.Note down the reading of piezometer corresponding
to the section, simultaneously note down the time
required to a constant rise of water in volumetric
tank(say of 10).
7.Varying the discharge and take at least six readings.

OBSERVATIONS

1.Volume = 1000 cm3

2.Distance of inlet section from origin= 5.5 cm
3.Distance of throat section from origin= 8.1 cm
4.Distance of outlet section from origin= 15.6 cm
5.Area of inlet section= 4.22 cm2
6.Area of throat section= 2.01 cm2
7.Area of outlet section= 4.34 cm2

OBSERVATIONS
S NO.

1
2
3
4
5
6

PIEZOMETRIC
HEAD(cm)

TIME(se
c)

INLET
SECTION

THROAT
SECTION

OUTLET
SECTION

90.40
92.90
101.26
106.00
110.00
115.65

19.8
19.9
19.4
19.4
19.6
19.2

17.5
17.3
17.4
17.4
17.6
17.6

19.3
19.2
18.8
18.8
19.0
18.8

CALCULATED VALUES
VELOCITY
HEAD
(cm)

TOTAL
ENERGY
HEAD (cm)

LOSS OF
ENERGY
(cm)

v1 v2 v3

v12/2 v22/2 v32/2

g
g
g

E1

E2

E3

E1-E2

E1-E3

26.
2
25.
5
23.
4
22.
3
21.
5

0.3
5
0.3
3
0.2
7
0.2
5
0.2
3

20.
1
20.
2
19.
6
19.
6
19.
8

19.
0
18.
7
18.
6
18.
5
18.
6

19.
6
19.
5
19.
0
19.
0
19.
2

1.1
0
1.4
7
1.0
4
1.1
3
1.1
9

0.5
1
0.7
1
0.6
1
0.6
1
0.6
1

VELOCITY(v)

Q
(cm3/
s)

110.
62
107.
64
98.7
6
94.3
4
90.9
1

(cm/sec)

55.
0
53.
5
49.
1
46.
9
45.
2

25.
4
24.
8
22.
7
21.
7
20.
9

1.5
4
1.4
6
1.2
3
1.1
2
1.0
4

0.3
1
0.3
1
0.2
6
0.2
4
0.2
2

RESULTS
It is observed from the calculated
value that at section where area is less
velocity is high and pressure is low
which
validates
the
Bernoullis
Equation. Graphs are plotted between
distance v/s piezometric head and
distance v/s total energy but from the
graph (B) we can observe that there is
dissipation in energy at last point this

APPLICATIONS
The Bernoullis equation forms the basis for solving
a wide variety of fluid flow problems such as
jets issuing from an orifice,
jet trajectory flow under a gate and over a weir,
flow metering by obstruction meters,
flow around submerged objects,
flows associated with pumps and turbines etc.
Apart from this Bernoullis equation is very useful
in
demonstration
of
various
aerodynamic
properties like Drag and Lift.

APPLICATIONS
DRAG AND LIFT

Leading edge

Fast Moving Air; Low Air Pressure

Air travels farther

airfoil

Slow Moving Air; High Air Pressure

Trailing edge

APPLICATIONS

Summary
Bernoullis equation is valid for
flow as it obeys the equation.As
the area decreases at a section
(throat section) velocity increases,
and the pressure decreases.
Velocity becomes high but
the pressure drops a the
throat.