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Elements
Chemical Foundations
Postulates
Elements consist of tiny particles called
atoms
Atoms retain their identity in reactions
They do not change into other types of
atoms
Carbon stays carbon, Oxygen stays oxygen
Elements
Elements represent the different
types of atoms that are known
Come in solid, liquid and gas forms
at earths normal temperatures
Top Ten
A collection of argon
atoms.
Diatomic Elements
Representation of NO,
NO2, and N2O.
1770s
Antoine Lavosier made observations
and did experiments resulting in the
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter can not be created or destroyed
Mass of materials before the chemical
reaction is the same mass after the
reaction
1799 - Proust
Joseph Proust showed that the
proportion by mass of the elements
in a compound is always the same
Now called the Law of Definite
Proportions
Part of our definition of a chemical any substance with a definite
composition
John Dalton
English School Teacher
Alchemists were trying to change different
metals into gold
Wanted to learn in what ratios that different
elements combine
Performed experiments
Formulated theories to explain his
observations
Proposed his theories in 1808
Based on the Greek idea of the atom
1870s
William Crooks developed the
Crooks Tube
A tube with sealed gases and metal
plates at the end
Run a current through the metal, and
a glowing beam forms
Schematic of a cathode
ray tube.
1886 - Goldstein
E. Goldstein discovered a positively
charged particle.
Called them PROTONS
Work was largely ignored
Rutherfords experiment.
Actual Results.
Rutherfords model
Key Idea -NUCLEAR ATOM
All of the mass of the positive
particles (protons) is at the center
region of the atom
Center region called the NUCLEUS
Electrons surround the nucleus in a
cloud
Bohrs Atom
There are certain energy levels in the
space of the electron cloud that
mathematically allow the electron to
stay in the cloud (not crash into the
nucleus)
Key idea - There are certain ORBITS in
which an electron can travel around
the nucleus without losing energy
We now know
Atoms are made up of subparticles
Atoms are divisible, but not by
ordinary chemical means
Atoms of elements can vary
(isotopes)
Electrons reside in ORBITALS, not
orbits