Newtons law of cooling

By Aditya Abeysinghe

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Newtons law of cooling

LAW: The rate of change of the temperature of
an object is proportional to the difference
between its own temperature and the
temperature of its surroundings.
Therefore,
d / dt = E A ( r ) ; E- A constant that
depends upon the object , A surface area,
A certain temperature, r Room/ ambient
temperature or the temperature of the
surroundings.

Finding the specific heat capacity of

a liquid by the method of cooling
Lets take the apparatus for this experiment as follows:
Strings
Lid

Thermometer

Stirer
Outer
vessel
Inner
vessel
Cold
water

Calorimeter

Lets take the ,

Mass of the calorimeter = M
Mass of water = mw
Mass of the liquid = ml
The specific heat capacity of the calorimeter = C
The specific heat capacity of water = C w
The specific heat capacity of the liquid = C l
Also lets assume that the times taken by water
and the liquid to cool from 1 to 2 is tw and tl.

Thus, the
median rate at which the calorimeter with water looses heat =
(MC + mw Cw) (1 - 2 ) / tw
And the median rate at which the calorimeter with
water looses heat =
(MC + ml Cl) (1 - 2 ) / tl
Under identical situations we can assume that the
median rates at which heat is lost by these two
systems are equal.
Hence,
(MC + mw Cw) (1 - 2 ) / tw = (MC + ml Cl) (1 - 2 ) / tl
If we conduct our experiment, by this equation, we
can find the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

The experiment
1. Set up the apparatus as shown. Fill the empty space between the
outer vessel and the inner vessel with cold water.
2. Measure the mass of the calorimeter and pour water of at most
70C to about 1cm below the lid.
3. Then hang the calorimeter with the two strings, so that its free in
the air, without any contact with a physical surface.
4. Stir the calorimeter until the temperature of water comes down to
about 40C. Record the temperature at regular intervals.
5. Measure the mass of the calorimeter with water.

6. Remove the cold water between the two vessels and refill it
with cold water.
7. Remove water inside the calorimeter and repeat the
experiment with a similar volume of the liquid.
8. Record the temperatures at regular intervals.
9. Draw the cooling curves for both the liquid and the water in the
same graph and within the same temperature range.

Liquid

Water

1
2
t
t1

t2

Use these readings

and from the equation
we just got above, we
can find the specific
heat capacity of the
liquid

Important points
1. The calorimeter should be hanged between the two vessels
because during the experiment the environmental conditions can
change. Hence the flow of convection currents around the
calorimter might change.
2. When similar volumes of the liquid and water are used for the
experiment, the temperature variation across the surface of the
calorimeter at a certain temperature is identical. Sometimes,
when the volumes are different, although inside of the
calorimeter might have the same temperture, the temperature
distribution across the outer surface might be different.
3. When the calorimeter is stirred, the temperature is equally
distributed to all parts of the calorimeter. Thus, the temperature
absorbed by convection currents is the same regardless of the
place exposed.

4. When the calorimeter is closed at the top by a lid,

the heat loss due to convection and vaporization is
minimized.
5. For both occasions, i.e. for the experiment of
water and the liquid, the same calorimeter should be
used. If we use two identical calorimeters,
sometimes the nature of the surface may change.
Thus, the readings of the practical and hence the
expected value for the specific heat of the gas may
change.
7. Its also better if the calorimeter and the stirer are
made of the same material.