English Presentation

16 January 2013

NANOTECHNOLOGY
By :
Nurisa Ika Yuliani
&
Rifai Indraswari

INTRODUCTION
What is
nanotechnology ?

A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the

engineering of functional systems at the molecular
scale. This covers both current work and concepts that
are more advanced.

In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to

the projected ability to construct itemsfrom the
bottom up, using techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete, high
performance products.

History
WhenK.EricDrexlerpopularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the
1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of
molecules, a fewnanometerswidemotors, robot arms, and even
wholecomputers,farsmallerthanacell.Drexlerspentthenextten
years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and
responding to accusations of science fiction.Meanwhile, mundane
technologywasdevelopingtheabilitytobuildsimplestructuresona
molecularscale.Asnanotechnologybecameanacceptedconcept,
themeaningofthewordshiftedtoencompassthesimplerkindsof
nanometer-scale
technology.The
U.S.
NationalNanotechnologyInitiativewas created to fund this kind of
nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100
nanometerswithnovelproperties.

History
Much of the work being done today that carries the name
'nanotechnology' is not nanotechnology in the original meaning of the
word. Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building things
fromthebottomup,withatomicprecision.Thistheoreticalcapabilitywas
envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist
RichardFeynman.
Based on Feynman's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines
to build complex products, advanced nanotechnology (sometimes
referred to asmolecularmanufacturing) will make use of positionallycontrolledmechanochemistryguided by molecular machine systems.
Formulating a roadmap for development of this kind of nanotechnology
is now an objective of a broadly basedtechnologyroadmapprojectled
byBattelle(themanagerofseveralU.S.NationalLaboratories)andthe
ForesightNanotechInstitute.
Shortlyafterthisenvisionedmolecularmachineryiscreated,itwillresult
inamanufacturingrevolution,probablycausingseveredisruption.Italso
hasseriouseconomic,social,environmental,andmilitaryimplications.

Four Generations
Mihail (Mike) Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology
Initiative has describedfour generationsof nanotechnology
development (see chart below). The current era, as Roco
depicts it, is that of passive nanostructures, materials
designedtoperformonetask.Thesecondphase,whichwe
are just entering, introduces active nanostructures for
multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices,
and sensors. The third generation is expected to begin
emerging around 2010 and will feature nanosystems with
thousandsofinteractingcomponents.Afewyearsafterthat,
the first integrated nanosystems, functioning (according to
Roco)muchlikeamammaliancellwithhierarchicalsystems
withinsystems,areexpectedtobedeveloped.

Application Of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as ageneral-purpose
technology. That's because in its advanced form it will have
significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of
society.Itwillofferbetterbuilt,longerlasting,cleaner,safer,and
smarterproductsfor the home, for communications, for
medicine, for transportation, foragriculture, and for industry in
general
A nanotechnology can be used in a medical device to make a
drugthathavemoreeffectivedeliverysistemsandnewtherapy.
An application of nanotechnology in medical are called
nanomedicine

Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology.
Nanomedicine ranges from the medical application of
nanomaterials. To nanoelectronic biosensors, and even
possible future application of molecular nanotechnology.
Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding
the issues related to toxicity and enviromental impact of
nanoscale materials.
Two forms of nanomedicine that have already been tasted in
mice and awaiting human trials are using gold nanoshells to
help diagnostic and treat cancer, and using liposome as
vaccine adjuvants and as vehicles for drug transport.

Conflicting Definitions
Unfortunately, conflicting definitions of nanotechnology and blurry
distinctions between significantly different fields have complicated the
efforttounderstandthedifferencesanddevelopsensible,effectivepolicy.
The risks of today's nanoscale technologies (nanoparticle toxicity, etc.)
cannot be treated the same as therisksof longer-term molecular
manufacturing (economic disruption, unstable arms race, etc.). It is a
mistake to put them together in one basket for policy consideration
each is important to address, but they offer different problems and will
require differentsolutions. As used today, the term nanotechnology
usually refers to a broad collection of mostly disconnected fields.
Essentially, anything sufficiently small and interesting can be called
nanotechnology.Muchofitisharmless.Fortherest,muchoftheharmis
offamiliarandlimitedquality.Butaswewillsee,molecularmanufacturing
willbringunfamiliarrisksandnewclassesofproblems.

Dual-Use Technology
Like electricity or computers before it, nanotech will offer greatly
improved efficiency in almost every facet of life. But as a generalpurpose technology, it will bedual-use, meaning it will have many
commercial uses and it also will have many military usesmaking
far more powerful weapons and tools of surveillance. Thus it
representsnotonlywonderfulbenefitsforhumanity,butalsograve
risks.
A key understanding of nanotechnology is that it offers not just
better products, but a vastly improved manufacturing process. A
computercanmakecopiesofdatafilesessentiallyasmanycopies
asyouwantatlittleornocost.Itmaybeonlyamatteroftimeuntil
thebuilding of products becomes as cheap as the copyingoffiles.
That'stherealmeaningofnanotechnology,andwhyitissometimes
seenas"thenextindustrialrevolution."

For Any Critics and advice

Catch us on :
NURRISA IK-A YU-LIANI

Rifai Indraswari

THANK YOU