BasicKnowledgeofAntennaandAntenn

aSelection

Radio Network Planning & Optimization Department

Mobile Institution

Purpose
After learning this course you will be able to:

Know the concept of dipoles

Understand basic properties of antenna
Mater the principle of antenna selection

Index

Outline of antenna
Technical data
Types of antennas and their development trend
Principle of antenna selection

The function of antenna

Collect data
information

Outline of antenna

make optimize
project

Network
optimization

Antenna optimization

Optimize cover range

Regulate and

Deal optimize

Average calling mission

verify

project

Improve calling quality

Improve network running quality

The outline and function of antenna

Outline of antenna

Antenna

is the conversion for circuit sig

nal of communication equipment to radio i
n the air like the bridge tower.
Antenna

is the key equipment for the se

nding and receiving of radio.
The

gain, covering direction, beam, avai

lable driver power, configuration and pola
rization function will affect the communica
tion.

Dipole

Outline of antenna

Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz

166mm

900MHz

333mm

Dipole

Outline of antenna

One dipole
Receive power
1mw

n dipoles
Receive power
4mw

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Dipole

Outline of antenna
Antenna
(top view)

Omnidirectional array
Receive power :4mW

Sector antenna
Receive power : 8mW

10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBd

Index
Outline of antenna
Technical data
Types of antennas and their development trend
Principle of antenna selection

Electrical properties--frequency

GSM 900
DCS 1800
GSM900+DCS1800
CDMA

Technical data

Electrical properties--frequency

Optimum 1/2 wavelength

for dipole at 925MHz

at
890
MHz

Technical data

at
960
MHz
Antenna
Dipole

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

Electrical propertiesinput impedance

Technical data

50
Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms

Electrical properties
voltage standing wave ratio

Technical data

forward: 10W
9.5 W
50 ohms

backward: 0.5W

Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

Electrical properties
voltage standing wave ratio

Technical data

VSWR1.5

=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)

VSWR=(1+ ||)/(1-| |)

RL=-20lg ||

Electrical properties
polarize mode

Vertical

+ 45degree
slant

Technical data

Horizontal

- 45degree slant

Electrical properties
polarize mode

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)

Technical data

Slant (+/- 45)

Electrical properties
polarize mode

Linear,vertica

dual linear 45 slant

Technical data

Electrical propertiesgain

Technical data

Antenna radiant energy collection degree and

the energy conversion efficiency
G =4 U /PA
G= GA/ GA0

unit dBd

0dBd=2.15 dBi

unit dBi

Electrical propertiesgain

Technical data
dBd and dBi

idea point fountain zero

waste equality radiation

2.15dB

dipole

eg:

0dBd = 2.15dBi

Electrical propertiesgain

Technical data

Electrical properties
wave width

Technical data

3dB Beamwidth

10dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB

60 (eg)

Peak
Peak - 3dB

Peak - 10dB
120 (eg)

Peak
Peak - 10dB

Electrical properties
wave width

Technical data

Electrical properties
wave width
Sector

antenna 30/65/90/105/120

omni-antenna

360

Technical data

Electrical properties
wave width

Technical data

Electrical properties
wave width

Technical data

horizontal 3dB beam width 3dB width choose graph

Electrical properties
declination

No declination

Machine declination

Fixed electrical
declination

Measurable electrical
declination

Remote control
declination

Machine electrical
combine use

Technical data

Electrical properties
declination

Technical data

Electrical properties
declination

Technical data

Electrical properties
declination

No declination

Technical data

Electrical declination

Machine declination

Electrical properties
declination

Technical data

Electrical properties
Front to Back Ratio

Technical data

The max value of main petal to

the max value of back petal ratio

Back
power
F/B = 10 log( front power / back power )

Front
power
typically 25dB

Electrical properties
petal restrain & zero point fill

Technical data

Electrical properties
petal restrain & zero point fill

Up assistant petal (dB)

Down assistant petal

(dB)

Technical data

Electrical properties
power capability

Continuous :25-1500watts

peak :n2p

Technical data

Electrical properties
isolate
For

Technical data

multi-port antenna using, the isolation degree

between every port must be bigger then 30dB

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB

1000mW ( 1W)

1mW

Electrical properties
isolate

Technical data

The same frequency, different frequency,

dual-frequency antenna port>30dB

Mechanism properties parameter

Length width high

length relate with vertical petal,

gain

width relate with horizontal petal

high relate with the technology

of antenna

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

material

Technical data

PVC, ABS, fiberglass etc.

Prevent from bask, freeze, salt fog, burning

and aging.

Mechanism properties parameter

appearance color

good look, environment protection

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

working degree

type value

-40C+70C

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

wind carry

For example:

83N at 160 km/h

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

windward

The smaller
the better

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

tie-in

7/16DIN

SMA

female

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

hold pole

Mast diameter 45-90mm

Technical data

Mechanism properties parameter

thunder resistant

Technical data

index
Outline of antenna
Technical data
Types of antennas and their development trend
Principle of antenna selection

kinds of BTS antenna

Types & development

According to

GSM900 GSM1800

frequency

GSM900/1800 dual-frequency

According to

Vertical 45liner

polarization

polarize level circularity polarize

According to
direction chart

Omni-antenna sector antenna

According to

no mechanism fixed electrical

declination mode

measurable electrical remote control

According to
function

send receive send-receive together

develop trend

Width
frequency
band

Multifunction

High
integrated

Types & development

develop trend
GSM900/1800

Types & development

dual-frequency

and dual-polarize
Remote

control isolate

electrical declination antenna

develop trend

Types & development

+45/900 -45/900

C 900/1800

C 900/1800

+45/900 +45/1800 -45/900 -45/1800

+45/1800 -45/1800

index
Outline of antenna
Technical data
Types of antennas and their development trend
Principle of antenna selection

Radio environment for

principle of antenna selection
suburb/country

antenna choose for

urban
Characteristics

principle of antenna selection

of application environment:

When The distribution of BTS is dense, the cover range of single BTS need to be small,
the over cover phenomena and the disturb between BTS need to be decreased, the
duplicate using of frequency need to be increased.

Polarize mod

direction chat

As it is hard to choose BTS address and space for antenna, the dualpolarize antenna need to be chose
According duplicate using of frequency, sector antenna need to
be chose

3dB Power

For controlling the cover range to restrain disturb, the horizontal

Beam width

plane 3dB power beam width of antenna in urban should be 60~65

The gain of antenna, which should be used in urban, is 15-16dBi.

antenna gain

The antenna with lower gain could be used to cover the blind urban
area.

Declination

Down tilt antenna is suggested, and electrical declination antenna

degree

in sometimes.

Radio environment for

principle of antenna selection
urban

antenna choose for

suburb/country
Characteristics

principle of antenna selection

of application environment:

Environment around should be considered in Sparse distributing, low traffic, larger

coverage situation.

Polarize mod

Choose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antenna

direction chat The sector antenna with 90or 105horizontal plane 3dB power
beam width is used.
3dB Power

The omni-antenna with 90or 105horizontal plane 3dB power

Beam width

beam width or wider is used.

antenna gain

The antenna with high gain is suggested, which is 16-18dBi for

sector antenna or 9 11dBi for omni-antenna in rural and suburb
area.

Declination

Mechanism declination is suggested. The zero fill antenna is needed

degree

when the high level of antenna is greater then 50 meters to avoid

dark under antenna phenomenon.

Radio environment for

principle of antenna selection
highway

antenna choose for

highway
Characteristics

principle of antenna selection

of application environment:

Low traffic, high speed moving

The covering problem is the key issue. For strap covering, dual-cell coverage is
needed. Sometimes, the omni-cell is used in some spots.

Polarize

Choose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antenna according to

mod

particular situation

direction

To cover railway and road, the narrow beam width and high gain

chat

antenna should be used.

3dB Power

The gain of sector antenna is higher, the horizontal plane 3dB power

Beam width

beam width is about 30

antenna

The gain of sector antenna should be 18dBi 22dBi, and omni-

gain

antenna is 11dBi

Declination

Down tilt is not needed for highway covering, and the mechanism

degree

declination antenna is suggested.

Radio environment for

principle of antenna selection
mountainous area

Figure 6.5 beauty spot

antenna choose for

mountainous area
Characteristics

principle of antenna selection

of application environment:

the knap out of the way, serious mountain block, big radio pass loss hard
to cover area.

in

Polarize mod

Choose vertical polarize or dual-polarize antenna according to

particular situation

direction chat

Choose omni-antenna or sector antenna

3dB Power

For BTS built on the mountain, if the level of cover area is low,
the antenna with bigger 3dB power beam width need to be

Beam width
antenna gain

chose
Choose middle antenna gain according to the distance of cover
area, omni-antenna(9-11dBi), sector antenna(15-18dBi)
If BTS be built on the mountain, when the cover area is under

Declination degree

the mountain, the antenna with zero point filling or declination

need to be chose

Thanks!