WELCOME

TO MY
ENGLISH PROJECT

GRAMMER
2011-2012

Prepared By:-Lukhiram
Marndi
Guided By:-Pankaj Sir

index
Connector
Non-Finites
The

Passive

Connectors
Connector one words which merely join or connect single
words. Group of words or sentence.
Example-I help the poor whereas {while} you teas them.

Some connector may be used in pairs as well.

e.g.- Either-or:

You may have either tea or coffee.

Neither-nor

She neither came nor sent a message.

Both- and :

He is both intelligent and honest.

Whether-or

I will do it whether you like or not.

Not only-but also:

Though-yet

That boy is not only foolish but also spoilt.

Although he is poor yet he is quite liberal.

Two Types of Connectors

Co-ordinating

Subordinating

Join clauses of equal

rank.
(Co-ordinating clauses)

Introduce clauses which

depend on another
clauses of equal rank.
(subordinating clauses)

e.g. (i) work hand, or (otherwise) you will

fail.
(ii) He work hard so that he may pass.

Different meaning of some

Reason Results
Place Time condition
connectors.

Contras
t
cause

Compassion

purpose

Whereas Because Therefor

Than
As
e
Though
Since
So that
Althoug
h

Where When
While
Before
After
Till

If
As. As
Provided that Not soas
Unless
In case

Note

Connectors, also known as correlative conjunctions are used

immediately before the words to be corrected. Misplacing them
will cause errors. Avoid such constructions.

Incorrect:-

i.-Not only the robbers robbed him but shut him dead also.
ii.-he neither offered me milk nor tea.

Connect:-

i.- The robbers not only robbed him but also shut him dead.
ii.-He offered me neither milk nor tea.

Non-finites
Children play whenever they are free.
ii. Children like to play whenever they are free.
In the first sentence the verb play is limited by the number and person of
the subject. Such verb are called finite verb. In the second sentence to
play simple denotes the name of an action are called non-finite verbs.
i.

Non-Finites
Infinitive

Gerund Participle

To + first form verbal noun

Of the verb
first form of verb + ing.
present Participle
first form of verb + ing.
of verb

verbal adjective

Past Participle

perfect participle

third form of verb having + third form

Infinites

and Gerund can be used in the following way

a) As the subject of the verb.

to err is human (Infinitive)
walking on the road is dangerous. (Gerund)
b) As the object of the verb.
I hope to see you soon (Infinitive)
I hate walking on the road (Gerund)
c) As the complement of the verb:
Her greatest pleasure is to sing(Infinitive)
My favorite hobby is gardening. (Gerund)
d) As object of a preposition
The train is about to leave (Infinitive)
She is fond of singing

(Gerund)

e) As an objective complement
I saw the postman drop a packet (Infinitive)
I found her sitting in the library (Gerund)

Participle
A Participle can be used as an adjective or an absolute phrase.
i.

A rolling stone gathers no mass.

ii.

They are fighting a losing battle.

Common Errors in use of Non-finites.

Incorrect.
I.

Playing the match it began to rain.

II.

I made him to run.

III. He

came for meeting me.

Correct
IV. While
V.

we were playing the match, it began to rain.

I made him run.

VI. He

came to meet me.

THE PASSIVE

The hunter wounded the tiger (Active voice)

The tiger was wounded by the hunter.
(Passive voice)
Active Voice-is used when emphasis is to be
places on the door of the action.
Passive Voice-means that subject is in the
passive, it does not perform any action.
Passive voice is used when emphasis is to be
places on the receiver or sufferer of the
action.

Characteristic of passive
Constructions

A form of the helping verb to be is used before the third

form of the main verb. We can represent this as:-

is
am
are
bewas +v (third form of the verb)
were
being
been
3

Form of verb in passive

Tense

Is/as/are +V3

Simple Present

Was/were + V3

Simple Past

Will be / shall be + V3

Simple Future

Is / am/ are + being + V3

Present Continuous

Was/ were + being + V3

Past Continuous

Has/ have + been + V3

Present Perfect

Had + been + V3

Past Perfect

Will /shall + have +been + V3

Future perfect

Practice Questions
1.

Complete the following passage using passive

forms of the verbs given in brackets.
On

26th

January

Gujarat

(a)

(Shook) by a devastating earthquake.

A number of house (b) . (destroy)
and thousand of people (c) (kill).
Many persons (d) .. (trap) under the
debris. the process of rebuilding (e)
(conduct) by different organization.

N
A
H
T U