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CONIC SECTIONS
1.2 Circle
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to :
a) Define a circle
b) Determine the equations of a circle with radius, r and centre, C at
(0,0) and (h,k)
c) Determine the centre and radius of a circle by completing the
squares
d) To find the equation a a circle
i. Passing through three points
ii. Passing through two points where the equation of the diameter given
Circle
(h,k)
P(x,y)
C(h,k)
Phytagoras
Theorem
CQ2 + PQ2 =
PC2
x h
y k
r2
x y r
2
Example 1:
Determine the centre, radius and
draw the circle represented by the
following equation;
x 4
y 3 5
2
Solution :
Since the equation is in the standard form, the
centre is at (4,-3) and the radius is 5
.
0
5
(4,-3)
Example 2 :
Determine the equation of a circle whose centre
is at (-2,3) and whose radius is 4.
Solution :
Substitute h = -2 , k = 3 and r = 4 into the
standard form of the equation of a circle.
x h y k 2 r 2
2
2
2
x 2 y 3 4
2
Example 3 :
Determine the equation of a circle having its centre at
(3,-1) and passing through the point (-1,2) .
Solution :
We determine the radius as the distance from the
centre of the circle to any point on the circle, thus :
So the equation is r
3 1 2 1 2 2
25 5
x 3
y 1 25
2
x h 2 y k 2 r 2
2
standard form
2 xh h 2 y 2 2 yk k 2 r 2
x 2 2 xh y 2 2 yk h2 k 2 r 2 0
Where , the centre ( h,k ) = (- g,- f )
x 2 2 x ( g ) y 2 2 y ( f ) ( g ) 2 ( f )2 r 2 0
x 2 2 x ( g ) y 2 2 y ( f ) ( g )2 ( f )2 r 2 0
x 2 2 xg y 2 2 yf r 2 g 2 f 2 0
Let c r g f
2
x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0
The radius, r =
g2 f 2 c
general form
Example 4 :
Find the centre and radius of a circle
given the equation of circle is
x y 2x 6 y 6 0
2
Solution:
x y 2x 6 y 6 0
2
x y 2x 6 y 6
2
By completing the
square;
2
2
( x 2 x 1) ( y 6 y 9) 6 1 9
Simplify
the result,
2
x 1 y 3 2 4
x 1 2 y 3 2
22
Centre: (1,3)
Radius = 2
Alternative Method :
x2 y 2 2x 6 y 6 0
Comparing with ;
x y 2 gx 2 fy c 0
2
r g2 f 2 c
1 2 3 2 6 2
and
2g = - 2 , g = -1
2f = - 6 , f = - 3
-g=1,-f=3
Centre: (1,3)
Radius = 2
Circle passing
passing through
through three
three given
given
Circle
points
points
A
Example 1
Find the equation of the circle passing
through the points (3,0) , (3,2) and (-1,2).
perpendicular
bisector
Q (3,2)
chord
R
(-1,2)
C
chord
perpendicular
bisector
P (3,0)
The perpendicular bisectors of the chords
PR and QR meet at the centre of the circle, C.
2
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
m PR
2
20
m PR
1 3
m PR
mid point of PR =
3 1 0 2
,
2
2
= (1,1)
Thus, the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of PR is
y - 1 = 2 (x -1)
y 2x + 1 = 0
... (1)
22
0
m QR
0
1 3
4
1
m QR
m PR
a vertical
line
is undefined
... (1)
x=1
... (2)
y 2(1) +1 = 0
y=1
The centre of the circle is (1,1).
r (1 0) 2 (1 3) 2
x2 + y2 - 2x - 2y - 3 = 0
OR
An Alternative Method
Example 2
Find the equation of the circle passing
through the points (0,0) and (4,2) with its
diameter is x + y = 1.
Solution
perpendicular
bisector
Let
P
chord
C
diameter
m PQ
20
40
1
m PQ
m PQ
=-2
midpoint of PQ = (2,1)
Thus, the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of PQ is
y - 1 = - 2 (x -2)
y + 2x - 5 = 0
...(1)
y +2x - 5 = 0 ...(1)
y + x -1 = 0 ...(2)
equation of the
diameter
(1)-(2)
x=4
y=-3
r (4 0) 2 (3 0) 2
25 5
OR
An Alternative Method
The general equation of the circle is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Substitute each point given into the equation.
At point (0,0),
c = 0 ... (1)
At point (4,2), 20 + 8g + 4f + c = 0 ... (2)
(2)-(1)
20 + 8g + 4f = 0
5 + 2g + f = 0 ... (3)
Example 3
Find the equation of the circle having AB as
its diameter where A (1,5) and B (-2,3).
Solution
centre =
3
1
2 2
1
,4
2
1
r ( 1 ( 2 ))2 ( 5 3 )2
2
1
13
2
The equation of the circle is
13
(x +) + ( y - 4) = 4
2
x2 + y2 + x 8y + 13 = 0
OR
An Alternative Method
If P is any point on the
circle and AB is the
diameter, then
mAP mPB = -1
y 5 y 3
1
So,
x 1 x 2
(y - 5)(y - 3) = - (x - 1)(x +2)
y2 - 8y + 15 = - ( x2 + x - 2)
x2+y2+ x 8y +13 = 0
P(x,y)
B
C
normal
tangent
x 2 y 2 2 g1 x 2 f1 y c1 0
.(1)
x 2 y 2 2 g2 x 2 f 2 y c2 0
.(2)
C1
Q
Example 4
Find the points of intersection of the
circles with equation ;
x y 2x 8 y 7 0
2
x y 8 x 2 y 13 0
2
x y 2x 8 y 7 0
2
x 2 y 2 8 x 2 y 13 0
(i) - (ii)
(i)
(ii)
6x 6 y 6 0
x 2 x 1 2 x 8 x 1 7 0
2
2 x 2 12 x 16 0
x2 6x 8
x 2 x 4
0
0
x 2 or x 4
When
x 2 , y 1
x 4 , y 3
Theorem
Example 5
Find the tangent and normal line to a circle
x2 + y2 - 6x 10y -82 = 0
at the point K(-1,-5).
Solution
x2 + y2 - 6x 10y - 82 = 0
We have g = -3, f = -5 and c = -82
5
y 5 ( x 1)
2
2y + 10 = 5x + 5
5x - 2y 5 = 0
5 (5) 10 5
4 2
3 (1)
C(-g,-f)
(-1,-5)
5
y 5 (x 1)
2
2y 10 5x 5
5x 2y 5 0
1
2
5
5
2
Thus, the equation of the tangent is
2
y 5 (x 1)
5
5y 25 2x 2
2x 5y 27 0
N(a,b)
The length of the tangent from a
fixed point N(a,b) to a circle with
equation
x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy +c = 0 is given by
d a 2 b 2 2ga 2fb c
M
C(-g,-f)
d a b 2 ga 2 fb c
2
18 3 2
An Alternative Method
K(4,6 )
h
d
M
Given x2 + y2 - 4x 2y - 6 = 0
So, g = -2, f = -1 and c = -6
The centre = (2,1)
r g2 f 2 c
11
C(2,1)
h (4 2) 2 (6 1) 2
29
By using Pythagoras Theorem, the length of the
tangent from a fixed point K(4,6) to the circle is
d h r
29 11
18 3 2
C1 : x 2 y 2 10 x 8 y 8 0
x 2 10 x y 2 8 y 8 0
( x 5)2 25 ( y 4)2 16 8 0
( x 5)2 ( y 4)2 33
The centre ,
P1 (5,4)
The radius ,
r1 33
C 2 : x 2 y 2 8 x 4 y 14 0
x2 8 x y2 4 y 8 0
( x 4)2 16 ( y 2) 2 4 14 0
( x 4)2 ( y 2)2 6
The centre ,
P2 (4, 2)
The radius ,
r2 6
1 4 5
P1 P2 r2 5 6
2.2361 2.4495
4.6856 33
P1 P2 r2 33
Since
therefore these two circle intersect each other.
a 2 b 2 2ga 2fb c