Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DIFLECTION OF
COCONUT RAFTERS
M.R.M.KIYAS 10/158
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE, OBJECTIVE
LITERATURE REVIEW
COCONUT RAFTERS PRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF COCONUT RAFTERS
METHODOLOGY
WORK SHEDULE
INTRODUCTION
There are various types of roof structures in the industry, which are concrete,
steel, timber and etc.
In Sri Lanka the most of residential buildings are of timber roof structure. Purlin,
rafter, reaper and joist the major parts of timber roof structure.
conventionally in Sri Lanka people use various type of timber for rafter
preparation however mostly use the coconut timber, because the availability of
coconut timber in Sri Lanka is higher than the any other timber and prices of
coconut rafters are also lower than the others.
Also the usage and handling of coconut timber is also very easy than other
timbers available.
Even though coconut timber is conventionally used for roof structure the major
problem of this is the long term deflection often referred as creep. Thus, I define
my scope to increase the strength of the timber using metal sheet.
I assume that when I apply the metal sheet with the timber I can improve the
strength of the timber and in my objective I try to test the properties of coconut
timber.
I got some properties of coconut timbers I try to test my self because Im try to
test for our country climate and coconut timbers. I assume that the properties of
coconut timber will be helpful in testing of deflection when loaded.
When I apply the metal I consider some configuration of the metal sheet.
They are;
1. Can drive nail.
2. The metal sheet should be get the proper connection with the rafter
3. The sheet should be economical
4. Metal sheet should not corrode.
I check the aluminums and Amano sheet for the metal sheet, I analyze these two
selected the Amano sheet because it is satisfy the entire properties said above.
Scope
Strengthening of coconut rafter and joists using the metal sheet.
That is when we apply the metal sheet the deflection will be controlled and strength
also will be increase.
Objective
1. Determine the deflection of the rafter with metal sheet and without metal seat and
compare each other.
2. Determine the properties of coconut timber.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Coconut has been cultivated by man for 4000 years. The main produce of coconut
is copra, which is converted into oil.
There are many houses and buildings in Sri Lanka with roof structures built of
coconut woods that are still in use after 100 years. Nowadays in Sri Lanka, more
than 395,000ha are under coconut palms. Kurunegala, Chilaw.
The colour tones are range from golden to near ebony, with dark brown flecks.
There are colour divisions which can be related to timber density as dark brown
tones, medium brown tones and light golden tones.
The seasoned, high density product colour ranges from medium to dark brown with
prominent, darker, quill-like streaks.
Density
A: Center (very light/faint grains), Low density.
B: Towards the outer ring (light grains), medium density
C: Outer ring (deep grains), High density or hard wood
Moisture content
Wood has very good water transportation properties because it needs water to
grow. After the tree is cut down and sawn in to timber many of these water
transportation properties remain.
Wood is a hygroscopic material which means that it absorbs and desorbs moisture
from the surrounding air.
The moisture content in wood is therefore dependent on the relative humidity of
the surrounding air.
Moisture in wood can either be found as moisture in the cell wall or as free water
inside the lumens.
The moisture content is influenced by various factors, amongst others by the
ambient temperature and the relative humidity of the air.
80
390
70
60
50
Initial
moisture
/%
258
40
172
Density / (kg/m 3)
130
30
86
20
10
200
400
Through center of stem
600
Through radial direction
800
Shrinkage
The tangential shrinkage as coconut wood is greater than the radial
shrinkage and longitudinal shrinkage of coconut wood is negligible.
The variation of shrinkage with oven dry density content and initial
moisture content are given below in figures in radial and tangential
directions of coconut wood.
5.92
5.77
5.12
4.97
Shrinkage %
4.32
4.17
3.52
3.37
3
Oven dry
density
(kg/m3)
0
200
400
600
Radial
Tangential
800
Shrinkage/%
20
40
60
80
Initial
moisture
content/
(%)
Radial
Tangential
100 1020
200 1170
0.26 - 0.59
3.0 - 6.0
2.7 - 7.4
0.320.38
Moisture
Static
range
Compression
Compression
parallel to grain
perpendicular
at
grain
Stress
Limit/(Mpa) Elasticity/
Crushing
proportional
Strength
/ limit /(MPa)
(MPa)
at Impact
Bending /
(N)
(MPa)
High
Medium
Low
57
12
107
12
240
12
51.6
61.7
30.4
38.4
13.1
15.4
to
7988
9747
5151
5282
2287
2914
49
57
31
38
15
19
8.3
9
2.8
3.4
1.3
1.7
20.2
20.1
18.3
10.1
8.4
9
225
| high density:11.4
28205
Maximum
crushing
strength:
dry 1957
(MPa)
Janka hardness : dry (kN)
0.7 23.9
| high density: 40
(units)
Inorganic pure ash (%)
0.75 (0.252.4)
Silica (%)
0.07 (0.010.2)
Lignin (%)
25.1
Holocellulose (%)
66.7
Pentosans (%)
22.9
Starch (%)
Coconut wood, it has many applications as both a structural and interior design
materials such as in building and bridge construction, but also for tools, toys and
other items of daily necessity.
High density timber is suitable for general structural purposes such as pillars,
trusses, rafting, furniture, window and door frames
Medium density timber can be used for walls, ceiling joists and horizontal studs.
Low density is used in non-load bearing applications like wood paneling, internal
trim and ceiling, as well as home wears.
But low density material never use for construction.
As a rule, experts suggest that coconut wood with density below 400kg/m3
should not be used as structural framing material but only in the internal parts of a
building such as ceilings and wall linings in the form of boards and wall shingles.
Based on this estimate, 50 coconut palms are sufficient to build one housing unit.
Hence, with 360 million senile coconut palms, a total of about 7.2 million
housing units could be built.
Durability
METHODOLOGY
Generally, coconut timber is not used as a load carrying member or
structural member in construction industry due to low or (unreliable)
tensile strength and its flexible behavior allow high deflection.
Unit
Unit
Quantity
Feet
42
210
sample(aluminium+Amanosheet)
Item
360
360
Feet
500
2500
Feet
110
330
Nails
250
125
125
Item
2800
2800
rate(Rs)
Total (Rs)
timber sample)
Nails
Transport
6
Total amount
and
metal
sheet
6325
Thank you