Paints, Pigments, and Industrial Coatings

Aquino, Charmaine Pearl

L.
- 3201
Panopio,ChEJohn
Romar C.

Overview of the Report

Constituen
ts
This part includes
discussion of the
constituents of paint:
pigments, solvents,
additives and binders.

Formulatio
n
This part includes the
formulation of paint.

Manufactur
e
This part includes the
manufacture of paint which
is basically a physical
process involving weighing,
mixing, grinding, tinting,
thinning, filtering, and
packaging

Application
s
This part includes
techniques on paint
application and some
causes for paint failures.

Impacts
This part includes
environmental impacts
and risks from paints and
coatings.

Constituen
ts
This part includes
discussion of the
constituents of paint:
pigments, solvents,
additives and binders.

Constituents of Paints

PIGMENTS

SOLVENTS

ADDITIVES

BINDERS

Pigments are insoluble, fine particlesize materials that confer on a paint its
color and opacity.

Characteristics of a
Pigment
1.Provide color
2.Hide substrates and obliterate previous
colors
3.Improve the strength of the paint film
4.Improve the adhesion of the paint film
5.Reduce gloss
6.Reduce cost

Properties of Pigment

Properties of Pigment

MAJOR PIGMENT
CLASSIFICATION
True pigments
Inorganic
Pigments

Extender
pigments
Lakes

Organic
Toners

CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC
PIGMENTS
INORGANIC

White

Colored

Metallic

Extenders

Titanium dioxide

Iron oxide

Aluminum

Blanc fixe

Zinc oxide

Red lead

Zinc

Paris white

Antimony oxide

Cadmium red

Lead

Barytes whiting

White lead
Lead sulfate

Lead silicochromate
Lead chromates

China clay
Mica
Talc

Zinc chromates
Cadmium yellow
Calcium plumbate
Prussian blue
Ultramarine blue

White Pigments
- are the major contributors in paint
formulation.
- white pigments are used not only in
white paints, but also in a substantial
fraction of other pigmented paints to
give lighter colors than would be
obtained using color pigments alone.

Colored pigments
Natural origin
Synthetic origin synthetically
produced pigments are preferred
by the paint formulators

The
most
significant
inorganic
color
pigments are classified by color tint and
discussed as follows.

YELLOW
AND
PIGMENTS

Yellow iron oxides

Chrome yellow

ORANGE

Zinc chromates

RED PIGMENTS

Red iron oxide

Indian red

Red lead

BLUE AND GREEN

PIGMENTS

Ultramarine blue Prussian blue Lead chrome Chromium

green
oxide

BLACK PIGMENT

Black iron
oxide

Metallic Pigments
used on the surfaces for luster and
brilliance finishes that are normally not
produced by conventional pigments.
Extender Pigments
are white inorganic minerals that are
relatively deficient in both color and
opacity
also referred to as inert pigments because
of their optically inert behavior in surface
coatings.

ORGANIC PIGMENT
Chemically, there is little
difference between organic
pigments and certain dyes.
dyes are soluble
pigments are essentially insoluble

ORGANIC PIGMENT
Toners
coloring materials, which are
insoluble in the pure form.
Lakes
coloring materials, which require a
base.

Alkyd resins
- represent the single largest quantity of
solvent soluble resin produced for use in the
surface coating industry.
- low
molecular
weight
oil-modified
polyesters prepared by reacting together
polyols, dibasic acids, and oil (linseed or
soya fatty acids).

Polyesters
- are
polymers
obtained
by
reacting
monomeric polycarboxylic acid and poly
alcohols. They are practically free of fatty
acids (oils) and have a much simpler
structure than that of alkyd.

Acrylics
- are the most widely used polymers in the
paint and coating industry.
Two principal forms of acrylic
1. Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics form a film by the evaporation

of the solvent present in the coating
formation.

2. Thermoset

Thermosets are cured at ambient or elevated

temperatures by reacting them with other
polymers.

Vinyls
Vinyl esters are usually used in waterborne
coatings in the form of copolymer
dispersions.
lower in cost compared to (meth) acrylic
esters.

Solvents
1. Regulate application properties
2. Control consistency and character of finish
(minimizes defects)
3. Control evaporation rate
4. Adjust solids level that influence film application
thickness
5. Adjust and influence coating viscosity (thickness of
paint)
6. Are used in resin manufacturing
7. Should also have an acceptable odor, minimal
toxicity, and reasonable cost

The solvents generally used in the paint

industry may be divided into three classes:
1. Hydrocarbon solvents
2. Oxygenated solvents
3. Water

Hydrocarbon solvents
are the most commonly used solvents in
paints to carry the pigment and binder.
Aromatic solvents
provide stronger solvency, but with a greater
odor. The most common are toluene, xylene, and
naphthas.
Oxygenated solvents
are ketones, esters, glycol esters, and
alcohols. They offer much stronger solvency and
are widely used as active solvents for synthetic
binders.

CLASSIFICATION OF ADDITIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Thickening agents.
Surface active agents.
Wetting and dispersing agents
Defoamers
Adhesion promoters
Surface modifiers.
Leveling agents and coalescing agents.
Catalytically active additives.
Special-effects additives.

Formulatio
n
This part includes the
formulation of paint.

PAINT
FORMULATION

The formulation of a paint is a matter of

the skill and experience of a paint
technologist. It is largely determined by the
ratios of the constituents in paints and the
nature of the substrate to which the paint is
to be applied.

PAINT
FORMULATION

The concept of pigment volume concentration

(PVC) is of far-reaching consequences for the
modern paint formulator. It is defined as the
percentage of pigment volume in the total
volume of solids in the paint.

PAINT
FORMULATION

The following tabulation is used by some paint

manufacturers as an approximate range of PVC for
a given paint:

Flat paints
50-75%
Exterior house paints
28-36%
Semigloss paints
35-45%
Metal primers
25-40%
Gloss paints
25-35%
Wood primers
35-40%

Manufactur
e
This part includes the
manufacture of paint which
is basically a physical
process involving weighing,
mixing, grinding, tinting,
thinning, filtering, and
packaging

PAINT MANUFACTURE

The manufacture of paint is basically a physical

process involving weighing, mixing, grinding, tinting,
thinning, filtering, and packaging (filling).

PIGMENT DISPERSION
Initial Dispersion Operation
Important stage in the manufacturing process
The fine powder particles must be dispersed and
evenly distributed throughout in the vehicle or the
liquid phase.
To achieve the fine dispersion, there are a number of
types of different dispersion equipment

TYPES OF MILL
1. Ball mill
2. Sand mill
3. Roll mill

BALL MILL
The ball mill is a steel
mounted horizontally on
equipped with a suitable
loading and for drawing
finished product.

cylinder
its axis
door for
off the

The speed of rotation is such that

the balls continuously rise with the
motion and then cascade down
again, crushing and shearing the
pigment.

SAND MILL

The sand mill consists of a watercooled cylinder inside of which are a

number of rotating discs that can
generate rapid movement in the
grinding elements (sand grains).

ROLL MILL

Triple roller mills are used for the

preparation of paints requiring a
low degree of dispersion, such as
primers and undercoats. They
have largely been superseded in
the function by ball mills.

PROCESSING
OPERATION

PROCESSING
OPERATION

PROCESSING
OPERATION

Classification and Types of

Paint

Architectural
Coatings
Division of Architectural coatings
1. Solvent-based paints
2. Water-based paints

Normal materials used in the painting

of buildings
3. Primers
4. Undercoats
5. Finish coats

Architectural Coatings
Primers
Primers are pigmented coatings that are applied to new
surfaces or to old cleaned surfaces, prior to the
application of undercoats or top coats.
Undercoats
Undercoats are pigmented paints that are applied to
primed surfaces prior to the application of finished
coats.
Finish coat
The finish coat or the top coat are the final coats for
use both over primers or undercoats, and directly on a

Industrial Coatings

Industrial Coatings
Industrial coatings (OEM paints).

They are commonly called OEM coatings, that is,

original equipment manufacturer coatings.
The industrial coatings are custom designed for a
particular customers' manufacturing conditions and
performance requirements.

Industrial Coatings

Often the OEM coatings depend on:

a) the nature and condition of the substrate to which
paint is applied
b) application methods and conditions
c) drying time required
d) decorative and protective requirements.

Special Purpose
Coatings
This includes specific paint, such as highway marking
paint, automotive refinishing, and high performance
maintenance paints.
The term maintenance paints is generally taken to mean
paints for field application, including highway bridges,
refineries, factories, power plants, and tank forms.

Varnishes

Varnishes are non-pigmented

paints, which dry to a hard-gloss,
semi-gloss, or flat transparent film
by
a
process
comprising
evaporation of solvent, followed by
oxidation and polymerization of the
drying oils and resins.

Lacquers

A lacquer is a solution of a hard linear polymer in an

organic solvent. It dries by simple evaporation of the
solvent. The film-forming polymers usually used are
chlorinated rubber, nitro cellulose, acrylics, vinyl resins, or
other high molecular weight linear polymers.

Application
s
This part includes
techniques on paint
application and some
causes for paint failures.

Techniques of paint
pplication

Brush and roller

Air or airless spray
Roll coating
Electrostatic spraying
Electro deposition
Dip coating.

Causes for paint

ailure
There are a number of reasons why a paint
system may fail. Here are some.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Defects
Defects
Defects
Defects

in the liquid paint

during application
during drying or curing
in the dry film

Impacts
This part includes
environmental impacts
and risks from paints and
coatings.

Environmental Impacts
nd Risks