Vibration and isolation

Seismic isolation
Use very low spring constant (soft) springs
Tripod arrangement used for mounting early
AFMs
Had long period (rigid body) vibration but
isolated above resonance
Large supported mass also lowers resonance
Measure with accelerometers, one for each
direction

Optical table legs

Same basic idea low spring constant support
Table will tilt as a whole but not transmit floor
(seismic) vibration
Table will couple through electric wires, etc.
Equipment on table sensitive to acoustic vib.
Suspension becomes unstable if CG too high
Must use three active legs and one slave
otherwise unstable

Coupled vibration
Good and bad electric cables bad
Coupling interferometer to mirror under test is good
Both vibrate together (in phase) so fringes still

Nice animation in references of coupled masses

Gives idea of multiple modes in solids
This is a one D model but can see effect in other D

Simulate in lab with sample of different springs

and masses

Acoustic vibration
Sound (acoustic vibration) is air pressure waves
Transmitters (vibrating plates - speaker cones)
are also good receivers
Decrease coupling by putting holes in plates
Making plates of damped materials (lead sheet)

Acoustic coupling often not recognized for what

it is
Need a sound pressure sensor (microphone not
accelerometer)

Resonances and stiffness

Cantilever wire (rod) off speaker cone
Note fundamental and higher modes
Note how sharp the resonance is, high Q
Use resonance, length and diameter to find E

Also, clamp wire as cantilever, add small weight

measure deflection and calculate E
Do two methods give about the same value for E

Torsional rigidity
For solid of uniform circular cross-section, the torsion relations are:
T/J = G/l
where:
is the angle of twist in radians.
T is the torque (Nm or ftlbf).
l is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and
is usually given in gigapascals (GPa), lbf/in2 (psi), or lbf/ft2.
J is the torsion constant for the section .
the product GJ is called the torsional rigidity.
Applying small torque difficult so measure frequency and find G

Kinematic stackups
Problem illustrated by convex test plate
Measure frequency of vibration (rocking)
From geometry of part is this reasonable?
Would frequency be higher or lower if longer radius?

Nothing is flat so need to make flat to flat

connections kinematic
One thing that helps is acoustic damping; thin air
film

Measurement Schema
Measurement tools 10x more accurate (or
sensitive) than tolerance implies confidence in
measurement
In optics, measuring accuracy about same as
tolerance need error separation methods
Quantum optics act of measuring changes
result

Symmetry and reversal

Assume f(x) over -1 to 1
To find fe(x) = 1/2[f(x) + f(-x)]
fo(x) = 1/2[f(x) f(-x)]
Works for surfaces too
fee = [f(x,y) + f(-x,y) + f(x,-y) + f(-x,-y), etc

Centroid and remove

rotationally symmetric error
2

10

10

10

12

12

12

14

14

14

16

16

16

18

18

18

20

20

20

10

12

14

16

18

2 20

10

12

14

16

18

2 20

10

12

Relative pseudo aberration value

9.51

9.38

1.56

14

16

18

20

Pseudo astigmatism and coma

2

10

.75

12

10

1.02

12
14

14

16

16

18

18

20

20
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

10

12

14

16

18

20

2
2

4
4

10

.71

12
14

.57

10
12
14

16

16

18

18

20

20

10

12

14

16

18

20

10

12

14

16

18

20