Chapter2 Functionsandgraphs 151003144959 Lva1 App6891

INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs
2007 Pearson Education Asia
ANALYSIS
0. Review of Algebra
1. Applications and More Algebra
2. Functions and Graphs

3. Lines, Parabolas, and Systems
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
5. Mathematics of Finance
6. Matrix Algebra
7. Linear Programming
8. Introduction to Probability and Statistics
ANALYSIS
9. Additional Topics in Probability
10. Limits and Continuity
11. Differentiation
12. Additional Differentiation Topics
13. Curve Sketching
14. Integration
15. Methods and Applications of Integration
16. Continuous Random Variables
17. Multivariable Calculus
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
Chapter Objectives
To understand what functions and domains are.
To introduce different types of functions.
To introduce addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and multiplication by a constant.
To introduce inverse functions and properties.
To graph equations and functions.
To study symmetry about the x- and y-axis.
To be familiar with shapes of the graphs of six
basic functions.
Chapter Outline
2.1) Functions
2.2) Special Functions
2.3) Combinations of Functions
2.4) Inverse Functions
2.5) Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
2.6) Symmetry
2.7) Translations and Reflections
2.1 Functions
A function assigns each input number to one
output number.
The set of all input numbers is the domain of
the function.
The set of all output numbers is the range.
Equality of Functions
Two functions f and g are equal (f = g):
1. Domain of f = domain of g;
2. f(x) = g(x).

2.1 Functions
Example 1 Determining Equality of Functions
Determine which of the following functions are equal.
( x 2)( x 1)
a. f ( x )
( x 1)
b. g ( x ) x 2
x 2 if x 1
c. h( x )
0 if x 1
x 2 if x 1
d. k ( x )
3 if x 1

2.1 Functions
Example 1 Determining Equality of Functions
Solution:
When x = 1,
f 1 g 1 ,
f 1 h1 ,
f 1 k 1
By definition, g(x) = h(x) = k(x) for all x 1.

Since g(1) = 3, h(1) = 0 and k(1) = 3, we conclude
that
g k,
g h,
hk

2.1 Functions
Example 3 Finding Domain and Function Values

2
g
(
x
)
3
x
x 5 . Any real number can be used
Let
for x, so the domain of g is all real numbers.
a. Find g(z).
2
g
(
z
)
3
z
z 5
Solution:
b. Find g(r2). 2
2 2
2
4
2
g
(
r
)
3(
r
)
3
r
r
5
Solution:
c. Find g(x + h).
2
g
(
x
h
)
3(
x
h
)
( x h) 5
Solution:
2
2
3 x 6hx 3h x h 5

2.1 Functions
Example 5 Demand Function
Suppose that the equation p = 100/q describes the

relationship between the price per unit p of a certain
product and the number of units q of the product that
consumers will buy (that is, demand) per week at the
stated price. Write the demand function.
100
p
Solution: q
q
2.2 Special Functions

We begin with constant function.
Example 1 Constant Function
Let h(x) = 2. The domain of h is all real numbers.

h(10) 2
h( 387) 2
h( x 3) 2
A function of the form h(x) = c, where c = constant, is

a constant function.

Example 3 Rational Functions

x2 6x
f ( x)
x5
a.
is a rational function, since the
numerator and denominator are both polynomials.
b. g ( x) 2 x 3 is a rational function, since 2 x 3 2 x1 3 .
Example 5 Absolute-Value Function
Absolute-value function is defined as x , e.g.

x if x 0
x
x
if
x

Example 7 Genetics
Two black pigs are bred and produce exactly five

offspring. It can be shown that the probability P that
exactly r of the offspring will be brown and the others
black is a function of rr , 5r
5!
P (r )
1 3

4 4
r ! 5 r !
r 0,1, 2,...,5
On the right side, P represents the function rule. On

the left side, P represents the dependent variable.
The domain of P is all integers from 0 to 5, inclusive.
Find the probability that exactly three guinea pigs will
be brown.

Example 7 Genetic
Solution:
5!
P(3)
1 3

4 4
3!2!
9
1
120
45
64
16
6(2)
512
2.3 Combinations of Functions

We define the operations of function as:
( f g )( x)
(f g )( x)
( fg )( x)
f
( x)
g
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x ).g ( x )
f ( x)
for g ( x) 0
g ( x)
Example 1 Combining Functions
If f(x) = 3x 1 and g(x) = x2 + 3x, find
a. ( f g )( x)
b. ( f g )( x)
c. ( fg )( x)
f
d.
( x)
g
1
e. ( f )( x)
2

Example 1 Combining Functions
Solution:
a. ( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1) ( x 2 +3x) x 2 6 x 1
b. ( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1) ( x 2 +3x) 1 x 2
c. ( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x) (3 x 1)( x 2 3 x) 3 x 3 8 x 2 3x
f
f ( x) 3x 1
d.
( x)
2
g
g ( x) x 3x
1
1
1
3x 1
e. ( f )( x) ( f ( x)) (3 x 1)
2
2
2
2
Composition
Composite of f with g is defined by ( f og )( x) f ( g ( x))

Example 3 Composition
If F ( p) p 2 4 p 3, G ( p) 2 p 1, and H ( p) p ,find
a. F (G ( p))
b. F (G ( H ( p)))
c. G ( F (1))
Solution:
a. F (G ( p)) F (2 p 1) (2 p 1) 2 4(2 p 1) 3 4 p 2 12 p 2 ( F oG )( p)
b. F (G ( H ( p))) ( F o(G oH ))( p) (( F oG ) oH )( p) ( F oG )( H ( p))
2
( F oG )( p ) 4 p 12 p 2 4 p 2 12 p 2
c. G ( F (1)) G (12 4 1 3) G (2) 2 2 1 5
2.4 Inverse Functions

An inverse function is defined as f ( f 1 ( x)) x f 1 ( f ( x))
Example 1 Inverses of Linear Functions
Show that a linear function is one-to-one. Find the

inverse of f(x) = ax + b and show that it is also linear.
Solution:
Assume that f(u) = f(v), thus au b av b .
We can prove the relationship,
xb
( f og )( x) f ( g ( x)) a
b ( x b) b x
a
(ax b) b ax
( g o f )( x) g ( f ( x))
x
a
a

Example 3 Inverses Used to Solve Equations
Many equations take the form f(x) = 0, where f is a

function. If f is a one-to-one function, then the
equation has x = f 1(0) as its unique solution.
Solution:
Applying f 1 to both sides gives f 1 f x f 1 0 .
1
1
f
(
f
(0))
0
f
(0) is a solution.
Since
,

Example 5 Finding the Inverse of a Function
To find the inverse of a one-to-one function f , solve

the equation y = f(x) for x in terms of y obtaining x =
g(y). Then f1(x)=g(x). To illustrate, find f1(x) if
f(x)=(x 1)2, for x 1.
Solution:
Let y = (x 1)2, for x 1. Then x 1 = y and hence x
= y + 1. It follows that f1(x) = x + 1.
2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates

The rectangular coordinate system provides a
geometric way to graph equations in two
variables.
An x-intercept is a point where the graph
intersects the x-axis. Y-intercept is vice versa.

Example 1 Intercepts and Graph
Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of y = 2x + 3,

and sketch the graph.
Solution:
3
When y = 0, we have 0 2 x 3 so that x
2
When x = 0, y 2(0) 3 3

Example 3 Intercepts and Graph
Determine the intercepts of the graph of x = 3, and

sketch the graph.
Solution:
There is no y-intercept, because x cannot be 0.

Example 7 Graph of a Case-Defined Function
Graph the case-defined function
f ( x)
Solution:
x
if 0 x < 3
x 1 if 3 x 5
4
if 5 < x 7
2.6 Symmetry
A graph is symmetric about the y-axis when (-a,
b) lies on the graph when (a, b) does.
Example 1 y-Axis Symmetry
Use the preceding definition to show that the graph

of y = x2 is symmetric about the y-axis.
Solution:
2
b
a
When (a, b) is any point on the graph,
.
2
2
(
a
)
a
b.
When (-a, b) is any point on the graph,
The graph is symmetric about the y-axis.

2.6 Symmetry
Graph is symmetric about the x-axis when (x, -y)

lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
Graph is symmetric about the origin when (x,y)
lies on the graph when (x, y) does.
Summary:

2.6 Symmetry
Example 3 Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry
Test y = f (x) = 1 x4 for symmetry about the x-axis,

the y-axis, and the origin. Then find the intercepts
and sketch the graph.

2.6 Symmetry
Example 3 Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry
Solution:
Replace y with y, not equivalent to equation.
Replace x with x, equivalent to equation.
Replace x with x and y with y, not equivalent to
equation.
Thus, it is only symmetric about the y-axis.
Intercept at 1 x 0
4
x 1 or x 1

2.6 Symmetry
A graph is symmetric about the y = x when (b, a)

and (a, b).
Example 5 Symmetry about the Line y = x
Show that x2 + y2 = 1 is symmetric about the line

y = x.
Solution:
Interchanging the roles of x and y produces
y2 + x2 = 1 (equivalent to x2 + y2 = 1).
It is symmetric about y = x.
2.7 Translations and Reflections

6 frequently used functions:

Basic types of transformation:

Example 1 Horizontal Translation
Sketch the graph of y = (x 1)3.

Solution:

Chapter2 Functionsandgraphs 151003144959 Lva1 App6891

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INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL

2007 Pearson Education Asia

1. Applications and More Algebra

2. Functions and Graphs

2007 Pearson Education Asia