The Cell

The basic unit of life

TAKS

Objective 2 The student will

demonstrate an understanding of
living systems and the environment.

TEKS Science Concepts

B4 - The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all
living things and have specialized parts that perform specific
functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have
different properties and functions. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
B3 - The student uses critical thinking and scientific problem
solving to make informed decisions. The student is expected to:
(F) research and describe the history of biology and
contributions of scientists.

Engage: Cell History

Cytology- study of cells

1665 English Scientist

Robert Hooke

Used a microscope to
examine cork (plant)

Hooke called what he saw

"Cells"

Cell History

Robert Brown

Matthias Schleiden

German Botanist
Matthias Schleiden
1838
ALL PLANTS "ARE
COMPOSED OF
CELLS".

Theodor Schwann

discovered the nucleus in

1833.

Also in 1838,
discovered that animals
were made of cells

Cell History

Rudolf Virchow

1855, German Physician

" THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM
OTHER CELLS".

His statement debunked

"Theory of Spontaneous Generation"

Cell Theory

The COMBINED
work of Schleiden,
Schwann, and
Virchow make up
the modern

CELL
THEORY.

TheCellTheorystatesthat:
1. All living things are composed of a cell
or cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Explore

Plant vs. Animal Lab

You will observe different types of plant and animal cells
under the microscope and record your observations.
Gel Cells for Diffusion
You will build a model of a cell to understand why cells
when they reach a certain size stop growing.
Edible Model Cells
Using your textbook and other resources, you will make a
model of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell using gelatin and
other edible materials. The gelatin will represent the cell
membrane/cytoplasm and other edible components will be
representative of the cellular organelles.

Explain: Cell Diversity

Cells within the same organism show

Enormous Diversity in:

Size
Shape
Internal Organization

1. Cell Size

Female Egg - largest cell in the human

body; seen without the aid of a microscope

Most cells are visible only with a

microscope.

Cells are small for 2 Reasons

Reason 1:

Limited in size by the RATIO between their Outer

Surface Area and Their Volume.
A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a
large cell for a GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM.

Cells are Small

Reason 2:

THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN)

CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE
CYTOPLASM.

2. Cell Shape

Diversity of form reflects a

diversity of function.
THE SHAPE OF A CELL
DEPENDS ON ITS
FUNCTION.

3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus

Organelles

Compare and Contrast

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

Prokaryotic Examples

ONLY Bacteria

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Two Kinds:
Plant and Animal

Eukaryotic Example

Section 7-2

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum

Vacuole

Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)

Cell
Membrane

Nuclear
envelope

Cell wall

Nucleolus
Golgi
apparatus

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plant Cell

Venn Diagrams

Compare and Contrast

Animal Cells

Centrioles

Plant Cells

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

Cell Wall
Chloroplasts

Internal Organization

Cells contain
ORGANELLES.
Cell Components
that PERFORMS
SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS FOR
THE CELL.

Cellular Organelles

The Plasma
membrane

The boundary of the

cell.
Composed of three
distinct layers.
Two layers of fat and
one layer of protein.

The Nucleus

Brain of Cell
Bordered by a porous
membrane - nuclear
envelope.
Contains thin fibers of DNA
and protein called
Chromatin.
Rod Shaped Chromosomes
Contains a small round
nucleolus

produces ribosomal RNA

which makes ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Small non-membrane
bound organelles.
Contain two sub units
Site of protein synthesis.
Protein factory of the cell
Either free floating or
attached to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

1.

2.

Complex network of
transport channels.
Two types:
Smooth- ribosome
free and functions in
poison detoxification.
Rough - contains
ribosomes and
releases newly made
protein from the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

A series of flattened
sacs that modifies,
packages, stores,
and transports
materials out of the
cell.
Works with the
ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.

Lysosomes

Recycling Center

Recycle cellular debris

Membrane bound
organelle containing a
variety of enzymes.
Internal pH is 5.
Help digest food
particles inside or out
side the cell.

Centrioles

Found only in animal

cells
Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.
Role in building cilia
and flagella
Play a role in cellular
reproduction

Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Mitochondrion

Cytoskeleton

Framework of the cell

Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubules.
They support the cell, giving it its shape
and help with the movement of its
organelles.

Mitochondrion

Double Membranous
Its the size of a bacterium
Contains its own DNA;
mDNA
Produces high energy
compound ATP

The Chloroplast

Double membrane
Center section contains
grana
Thylakoid (coins) make
up the grana.
Stroma - gel-like
material surrounding
grana
Found in plants and
algae.

The Vacuole

Sacs that help in

food digestion or
helping the cell
maintain its water
balance.
Found mostly in
plants and protists.

Cell Wall

Extra structure surrounding its plasma

membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and
bacteria.
Cellulose Plants
Chitin Fungi
Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

Section 7-1

Review
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1.Robert Hooke
2.The Cell Theory
B. Exploring Cell Diversity
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Internal Organization
C. Two types of cells
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote

Cell Types (Review)

Eukaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus and
other membrane bound
organelles.
2. Rod shaped
chromosomes
3. Found in all kingdoms
except the Eubacteria
and Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic
1.
Does not contain a
nucleus or other
membrane bound
organelles.
2.
Circular chromosome
3.
Found only in the
Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria
Kingdoms

Elaborate

Modeling the Animal Cell

You will create a cellular game. By
following the procedure, you will create
a closed circuit using a battery, wires,
paper spreaders, and an LED light that
will turn on when they match up the
organelle with its correct function

Evaluate

The students will create an edible cell model

and correctly identify the location and
function of at least 8 organelles.
The students will correctly match at least 10
organelles with their function, using the
animal and plant cell model.
The students will draw and label both a
prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell. Pass/Fail
The students will complete a Venn diagram
comparing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells showing at least two differences.