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Preview
Features
Preview (cont.)
Target
Outline
g(x,y)=f(x,y)*h(x,y)+(x,y)
G(u,v)=F(u,v)H(u,v)+N(u,v)
Noise models
Source of noise
Fourier spectrum
Ex. white noise (a constant Fourier spectrum)
Gaussian noise
p( z )
( z ) / 2
mean
Note:
p( z )dz 1
variance
Uniform noise
if a z b
p( z ) b a
0
otherwise
ab
Mean:
2
2
(
b
a
)
2
Variance:
12
Uniform PDF
Impulse (salt-and-pepper)
nosie
Pa for z a
p ( z ) Pb for z b
0 otherwise
Impulse (salt-and-pepper)
nosie PDF
Test pattern
Its histogram:
255
Periodic noise
Sinusoidal noise:
Complex conjugat
pair in frequency
domain
Estimation of noise
parameters
Periodic noise
Gaussian
uniform
zi p ( zi )
zi S
2 ( zi ) 2 p ( zi )
zi S
Gaussian:
Uniform: a, b
Outline
g(x,y)=f(x,y)+(x,y)
G(u,v)=F(u,v)+N(u,v)
Mean filters
Arithmetic mean
f ( x, y ) 1
g ( s, t )
mn ( s ,t )S xy
Geometric mean
f ( x, y )
1 / mn
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
original
Noisy
Gaussian
Arith.
mean
Geometri
mean
f ( x, y )
( s ,t )S xy
1
g ( s, t )
Q 1
g
(
s
,
t
)
( s ,t )S xy
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
Q=-1, harmonic
Q=0, airth. mean
Q=+, ?
Pepper
Noise
Contraharmonic
Q=1.5
Salt
Noise
Contraharmonic
Q=-1.5
Q=-1.5
Q=1.5
Order-statistics filters
Median filters
Max/min filters
Midpoint filters
Alpha-trimmed mean filters
Order-statistics filters
Median filter
f ( x, y ) median{g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
Max/min filters
f ( x, y ) max {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
f ( x, y ) min {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
bipolar
Noise
Pa = 0.1
Pb = 0.1
3x3
Median
Filter
Pass 1
3x3
Median
Filter
Pass 2
3x3
Median
Filter
Pass 3
Pepper
noise
Salt
noise
Max
filter
Min
filter
Order-statistics filters
(cont.)
Midpoint filter
f ( x, y ) 1 max {g ( s, t )} min {g ( s, t )}
( s ,t )S xy
2 ( s ,t )S xy
f ( x, y )
1
mn d
g ( s, t )
( s ,t )S xy
Uniform noise
Left +
Bipolar Noise
Pa = 0.1
Pb = 0.1
5x5
Arith. Mean
filter
5x5
Geometric
mean
5x5
Median
filter
5x5
Alpha-trim.
Filter
d=5
Adaptive filters
Analysis: we want to do
Formula
f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
2
L
g ( x, y ) mL
Gaussian
noise
Arith.
mean
7x7
Geometric
mean
7x7
adaptive
Outline
f ( x, y ) A sin(u0 x v0 y )
A
u0
v0
u0
v0
F (u, v) j (u
, v ) (u
,v
)
2
2
2
2
2
Bandreject filters
Bandpass filters
Notch filters
Optimum notch filtering
Bandreject filters
* Reject an isotropic frequency
ideal
Butterworth
Gaussian
noisy
spectrum
filtered
bandreject
Bandpass filters
Hbp(u,v)=1- Hbr(u,v)
1 G (u, v) H bp (u, v)
Notch filters
Butterworth
Gaussian
Horizontal
Scan lines
DFT
Notch
pass
Notch
pass
Notch
reject
Outline
g(x,y)=f(x,y)*h(x,y)+(x,y)
G(u,v)=F(u,v)H(u,v)+N(u,v)
Linear, position-invariant
degradation
Linear system
Position(space)-invariant system
H[af1(x,y)+bf2(x,y)]=aH[f1(x,y)]
+bH[f2(x,y)]
H[f(x,y)]=g(x,y)
H[f(x-, y-)]=g(x-, y-)
Linear, position-invariant
degradation model
Image deconvolution
Estimation by experimentation
Estimation by modeling
Estimation by image
observation
Simple structure
Strong signal content
Gs (u , v)
H s (u , v)
Fs (u , v)
estimate
Estimation by
experimentation
impulse
Impulse response
H (u, v)
Ex. Atmospheric model
k ( u 2 v 2 )5 / 6
original
k=0.0025
k=0.001
k=0.00025
g ( x, y ) f ( x x0 (t ), y y0 (t ))dt
0
Planar motion
Fourier
transform
T
G (u , v) F (u , v) e
0
j 2 [ ux0 ( t ) vy0 ( t )]
dt
Estimation by modeling:
example
original
Inverse filtering
Unknown
noise
=> F (u , v ) G (u , v) F (u , v) N (u , v )
H (u , v)
Estimate of
original image
H (u, v)
Full
inverse
filter
for
Cut
Outside
40%
k=0.0025
Cut
Outside
70%
Cut
Outside
85%