2-D STRESS ANALYSIS

Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis

2D and 3D Stresses and Strains
von Mises and Tresca Yield Criteria
2-D Stress and Strain Results in
NASTRAN

Introduction to 2-D Stress

Analysis
Up until now, we have only used rod shaped
structural finite elements. These elements
have been used to model framed or
articulated structures such as trusses and
frames.
We are now going to begin working with two
dimensional (planar) triangular (3 noded) or
quadrilateral (4 noded) elements defined in
a two dimensional plane to model 2-D
dimensional elastic solid mechanisms and
structures.

Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis

Question: Why 2-D Stress Analysis?
Answer: In complex shaped structural or machine components
stress concentration effects are often important factors
that must be considered in the design process
Note: A 1-D Beam or Truss (rod) analysis of the tension member
shown below ignores the stress concentration in the fillet section
and at the hole.

Tension member

Introduction to 2-D Elastic Stress Analysis

Two-dimensional stress analysis allows the engineer to
determine detailed information concerning deformation,
stress and strain, within a complex shaped twodimensional elastic body.
Assumptions

Deformations and strains are very small

Material behaves elastically stress and strain are

related
by Hookes Law.

Hookes Law is a matrix equation relating 3 normal

stresses and one shear stress to 3 normal strains
and one { }shear
[ D]{strain
} or { } [ D]1{ }

Introduction to 2-D Elastic Stress Analysis

2-D Stress analysis allows the engineer to model
complex 2-D elastic bodies by discretizing the
geometry with a mesh of finite elements.

Modeled as

Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis

Each finite element will deform because
of the applied loading and boundary
conditions on the body.
z

Each node
displaces in x and
z direction

Applied loading
generates
deformation and
stresses

4
3
1
2

u2x

u2z

Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis

Every point within the element may translate in
the x and z direction P(x,z) -> P(x+ux, z+uz)

u x ( x , z) a 0 a1x a 2 z a 3 xz
u z ( x , z) b 0 b1x b 2 z b 3 xz

z
P
uz

Note: ux and uz: x- and z-displacements

are bi-linear functions of x and z.

ux

where a0, a1,.. b3 are unknown constants

Introduction to 2-D Stress Analysis

In 1-D analysis assuming small displacements
and elastic material behavior we have:
a) A strain-displacement eqn., L L 0 du

L0

and, b) a stress-strain eqn.

(1D Hookes Law)

dx

Question: What is the 2D or 3D form of these

equations?

2-D Strain-Displacement Equations

There are two normal strains x and z : x
xz

and one shear strain xz :

u x
x

u x u z

z
x

Below are examples of simple constant strain states

where only one strain component is non-zero!

x
z

xz

z
x

u z
z

2-D Strain-displacement Equations

Question: What are the variations of the strain
components for a element where the
u xis
( xdefined
, z) a 0 by:
a1x a 2 z a 3 xz
displacement field

u z ( x , z) b 0 b1x b 2 z b 3 xz

?
z

P
uz

Note: ux and uz: x- and z-displacements

are bi-linear functions of x and z.

ux

where a0, a1,.. b3 are unknown constants

3D Isotropic Stress/Strain
Law
Three-dimensional Hookes Law:
stress/strain relationships for an
isotropic material
y

As you recall, an isotropic body can

have normal stresses acting on each
surface: x, y, z

z
x

x
z

When the only normal stress is x

this causes a strain along the x- axis
according to Hookes Law

x
x
E

3D Isotropic Stress/Strain
Law
Note, that a tensile stress in the x direction,
produces a negative strains in the y and z
directions This is called the Poisson effect.
These negative strains are
computed via:

x
x

where:

y z

x
E

E is Youngs Modulus
is Poissons ratio

3D Isotropic Stress/Strain
Law
Since the material is isotropic, application of normal stresses
in the x, y, and z directions generates, a total normal strain
in the x direction:

x
x

+
y

y
x
z
x

E
E
E

+
z

3D Isotropic Stress/Strain
Law
The total normal strains in the y and
z directions can be determined in a
similar manner:
y
x
z
x

E
E
E
x y

z
E
E
E
y
x

z
E
E
E

3D Isotropic Stress/Strain
Law
Rearranging the above equations and yields 3
equations relating normal stresses and
E
strains :
[ (1 v) ]
x

(1 )(1 2 )
E
y
[ x (1 ) y z ]
(1 )(1 2 )
E
z
[ x y (1 ) z ]
(1 )(1 2 )

These equations can also be written in matrix notation:

{}=[D]{}

Shear Stress/Strain Relationships

Hookes law also applies for shear stress and
strain: =G where G is the shear modulus,
is a shear stress, and is a shear strain. For 3D this results in a further 3 equations.
xy G xy 2G xy
y
y
yz G yz 2G yz
z

zx G zx 2G zx

yx
x

x
z

xy

z
y

Introduction to 2-D Stress

Analysis
2-D planar elements are used to model complex
2-D geometries. They must connect at
common nodes to form continuous structures.
They are extremely important in the following
analysis types:

Plane Stress

Plane Strain

Axisymmetric

Plane Stress
Plane Stress, in NASTRAN, is defined to be a state of stress
in which the normal and shear stresses perpendicular to
the x-z plane are zero, the y-thickness is very small, and
the constraints (TX,TZ) and loads act only in the x-z
plane and throughout the y-thickness.

y = 0

F3

xy= 0, yz=0
thickness, y dimension, is very
small compared to x and z dimensions

F1
x
y

Loads act only in the x-z plane and

throughout the y-thickness

Plane Strain
Plane Strain, in NASTRAN, is defined to be a state of strain
in which the normal strain in the y-direction, y and the
shear strains, xy and yz are zero. Note, the y-thickness
of the body is very large, and constraints and loads act
in x-z plane throughout thickness.
The thickness, y-dimension of the body is
very large (infinite). Note, the
y = 0, xy= 0, yz =0
NASTRAN finite element model analyzes
only a unit thickness
z

Loads and constraints act only in the x-z

plane through a unit y-thickness

F
y

Forces are defined as force per unit ylength

A plane stress state, where y is a very

large value, does not approximate plane
strain conditions!

Axisymmetric Analysis
Axisymmetric conditions exist when the problem
geometry is such that the z-axis is an axis of
symmetry, and the displacement is radially
symmetric (independent of In this case the
only non-zero shear strain, is xz. Note, that
loads and constraints act over a ring defined
z 0 < in the x-z plane.
by
The only shear strain that is non-zero is xz
A thicknessof 1 radian in the direction
around the z-axis is modeled by NASTRAN

von-Mises Stress
A stress quantity that is proportional to the the strain
energy density associated with a change in shape
(with a zero volume change) at a material point is the
von-Mises stress which is defined by:
vm

1
( x y )2 ( y z )2 ( z x )2 6( xy 2 yz2 zx 2 )
2

NOTE: the von-Mises stress is a scalar measure of the

stress state (the normal and shear stresses) at any
point within a body

von Mises Yield

Criterion

The von Mises criterion is an experimentally

based law that can be used to determine
whether the stress state in a material causes
plastic flow (or yielding). Note, the von Mises
criterion is based on the strain energy density
associated with a change in shape (with a zero
volume change) at a material point.

vm Ystates that when:

The criterion simply
vm Y the material point is
elastic
the material point is
yielding

Tresca Yield Criterion

Tresca yield criterion is another material model
which may be used to determines whether a
stress state in a material causes yielding.

max

Tresca

Tresca 2 max

The criterion simply states that when:

Tresca Y the material point is elastic
Tresca Y the material point is
yielding

2D Stress Analysis Results in

NASTRAN
After analyzing an NASTRAN model, results
in superview can be found:
With displacement just as we did with
beam and truss models
In results von Mises
In results Stress tensor Global Based
yy is the normal stress in y direction
zz is the normal stress in the z direction
yz is the in-plane shear stress