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CPO Science

Foundations of
Physics

Unit 6, Chapter

Unit 6: Light and Optics


Chapter 18 Wave Properties of Light
18.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
18.2 Interference, Diffraction, and
Polarization
18.3 Special Relativity

Chapter 18 Objectives
1. Calculate the frequency or wavelength of light
when given one of the two.
2. Describe the relationship between frequency,
energy, color, and wavelength.
3. Identify at least three different waves of the
electromagnetic spectrum and an application of
each.
4. Interpret the interference pattern from a
diffraction grating.
5. Use the concept of polarization to explain what
happens as light passes through two polarizers.
6. Describe at least two implications of special
relativity with regards to energy, time, mass, or
distance.

Chapter 18 Vocabulary Terms

x-ray
spectrum
microwave
index of refraction
electromagnetic
wave
spectrometer
gamma ray
radio wave
transmission axis
diffraction grating
special relativity

polarization
polarizer rest
energy destructive
interference
ultraviolet
time dilation
infrared
speed of light
constructive
interference
visible light
wavelength

18.1 The Electromagnetic


Spectrum
Key Question:
What is the electromagnetic
spectrum?

*Students read Section


18.1 BEFORE
Investigation 18.1

18.1 The Electromagnetic


Spectrum
The energy field created
by electricity and
magnetism can oscillate
and it supports waves
that move.
These waves are called
electromagnetic waves.

18.1 The Electromagnetic


Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves
have both an electric part
and a magnetic part and
the two parts exchange
energy back and forth.
A 3-D view of an
electromagnetic wave
shows the electric and
magnetic portions.

The wavelength and amplitude of the waves


are labeled and A, respectively.

18.1 The Electromagnetic


The higher the frequency
of the light, the higher
Spectrum
the energy of the wave.
Since color is related to energy, there is also a
direct relation between color, frequency, and
wavelength.

18.1 Speed of Light


Speed of light
3 x 108 m/sec

c = f

Wavelength (m)

Frequency (Hz)

18.1 Calculate wavelength


Calculate the wavelength
in air of blue-green light
that has a frequency of
600 1012 Hz.

18.1 Waves of the


electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light is a small part of the energy range of electromagnetic waves.
The whole range is called the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light is
in the middle of it.

18.1 Waves of the


electromagnetic spectrum
Radio waves are on the lowfrequency end of the
spectrum.
Microwaves range in length
from approximately 30 cm
(about 12 inches) to about
1 mm.
The infrared (or IR) region
of the electromagnetic
spectrum lies between
microwaves and visible
light.

18.1 Waves of the


electromagnetic spectrum
Ultraviolet radiation has a
range of wavelengths from
400 down to about 10 nm.
X-rays are high-frequency
waves that have great
penetrating power and are
used extensively in
medical and manufacturing
applications.
Gamma rays are generated
in nuclear reactions.

18.2 Interference, Diffraction,


and Polarization
Key Question:
What are some ways
light behaves like a
wave?

*Students read Section


18.2 AFTER
Investigation 18.2

18.2 Interference, Diffraction, and


Polarization
In 1807, Thomas Young
(1773-1829) did the most
convincing experiment
demonstrating that light
is a wave.
A beam of light fell on a
pair of parallel, very thin
slits in a piece of metal.
A pattern of alternating
After passing through
bright and dark bands
the slits, the light fell on
formed is called an
a screen.

interference pattern.

18.2 Diffraction gratings


A diffraction grating is a precise array of tiny
engraved lines, each of which allows light through.
The spectrum produced is a mixture of many
different wavelengths of light.

18.2 How a Diffraction Grating


Works
When you look at a
diffracted light you see:
the light straight ahead
as if the grating were
transparent.
a "central bright spot".
the interference of all
other light waves from
many different grooves
produces a scattered
pattern called a
spectrum.

18.2 Spectrometer
A spectrometer is a
device that measures
the wavelength of light.
A diffraction grating
can be used to make a
spectrometer because
the wavelength of the
light at the first-order
bright spot can be
expressed in a
mathematical
relationship.

18.2 Grating Formula


distance between grating lines (m)
wavelength
of light (nm)

distance
between
2 first order
bright spots

=d
sindw
L

distance
between
screen and glasses

d= 13,500 lines/inch = ? lines/m

18.2 Polarization
Polarization is another wave property of light.
The fact that light shows polarization tells us
that light is a transverse wave.

18.2 Polarization
Polarization is a vector.
A wave with
polarization at 45
degrees can be
represented as the
sum of two waves.
Each of the component
waves has smaller
amplitude.

18.2 Polarization
A polarizer is a material that selectively absorbs light
depending on polarization.
A polarizer re-emits a fraction of incident light polarized at
an angle to the transmission axis.

18.2 Applications of Polarizers


Polarizing sunglasses are
used to reduce the glare
of reflected light
The LCD (liquid crystal
diode) screen on a laptop
computer uses polarized
light to make pictures.

18.3 Special Relativity


Key Question:
What are some of the
implications of
special relativity?

*Students read Section


18.3 AFTER
Investigation 18.3

18.3 Special Relativity


The theory of
special relativity
describes what
happens to
matter, energy,
time, and space at
speeds close to
the speed of light.

18.3 Special Relativity


These effects are observed in physics labs:
1. Time moves more slowly for an object in
motion than it does for objects that are not
in motion. This is called time dilation.
2. As objects move faster, their mass increases.
3. The definition of the word simultaneous
changes.
4. Space itself gets smaller for an observer
moving near the speed of light.

18.3 Speed of light paradox


The theory of special relativity
comes from thinking about light.
A ball thrown from a moving
train approaches you at the
speed of the ball relative to
the train plus the speed of
the train relative to you.
The speed of light appears
the same to all observers
independent of their relative
motion.

18.3 Speed of light paradox

If the person on the train were to shine a


flashlight toward you, you would expect the light
to approach you faster.

The light should come toward you at 3 10 8


m/sec plus the speed of the train.

But Michelson and Morley found experimentally


that the light comes toward you at a speed of 3
108 m/sec no matter how fast the train
approaches you!

18.3 Consequences of time


dilation
In the early 1970s an experiment was
performed by synchronizing two precise
atomic clocks.

One was put on a plane and flown around


the world, the other was left on the ground.

When the flying clock returned home, the


clocks were compared.

The clock on the plane measured less time


than the clock on the ground. The difference
agreed precisely with special relativity.

18.3 Einstein's formula


This equation tells us that matter and energy
are really two forms of the same thing.

Energy (J)

mc2

speed of
light
3.0 x108
Mass (kg) m/sec

18.3 The equivalence of


energy and mass

If a particle of matter is as rest, it has a total


amount of energy equal to its rest energy.

If work is done to a particle by applying force,


the energy of the particle increases.

At speeds that are far from the speed of light,


all the work done increases the kinetic energy
of the particle.

It would take an infinite amount of work to


accelerate a particle to the speed of light,
because at the speed of light the mass of a
particle also becomes infinite.

18.3 The equivalence of


energy and mass

Einsteins was able to deduce the equivalent of


mass and energy by thinking about the momentum
of two particles moving near the speed of light.

Since the speed of light must be the same for all


observers regardless of their relative motion and
energy and momentum must be conserved, as the
speed of an object gets near the speed of light,
the increase in mass must come from energy.

18.3 Calculate equivalents


A nuclear reactor converts
0.7% of the mass of
uranium to energy.
If the reactor used 100 kg
of uranium in a year, how
much energy is released?
One gallon of gasoline
releases 1.3 108 joules.
How many gallons of
gasoline does it take to
release the same energy as
the uranium?

18.3 Simultaneity
The two lightning strikes are simultaneous to
the observer at rest, but the observer moving
with the train sees the lightning strike the
front of the train first.

Application: Holography

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