PROJECTION

GEOMETRY
Dr. Kristina Corazon L. Robles

Principles of Image
Formation
Ideal results:

Sharp image
True Shape & Size of the object

Term inologies
Sharpness- measures how well a

boundary between two areas of

differing density is revealed.
Spatial resolution- measures how

well small objects that are close

together can be seen

Term inologies
Image size distortion (magnification)
1. film and object not parallel to each other
2. smaller focal - object distance. (short cone)
3. central beam not at 90 degrees to object.

Image shape distortion is the result

of unequal magnification of different

parts of the same object.

5 Fundamental
Principles

STOPP!!!

1. Small radiation source / focal spot

2. Target-film-distance long as practical
3. Object-film-distance short as possible
4. Parallel film to long axis of teeth
5. Perpendicular alignment of beam to

film & objects

INTRAORAL
RADIOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
1. Periapical Examination
Purpose
used to examine the entire tooth and
supporting bone
Film type- periapical film
Technique - paralleling technique and
bisecting angle technique

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
1. Periapical Examination

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
2. Interproximal Examination
Purpose
used to examine the crowns of
opposing teeth on a single film; used
in examining adjacent tooth surfaces
and crestal bone
Film type- bitewing film
Technique-bitewing technique

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
2. Interproximal Examination

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
3. Occlusal Examination
Purpose
used to examine large areas of
maxilla and the mandible
Film type- occlusal film
Technique- occlusal technique

Types of Intraoral
R adiographic Exam ination
3. Occlusal Examination

Paralleling Technique

Paralleling Technique
Film placed parallel to long axis of

teeth
Beam directed perpendicular to
film & long axis of teeth
Film holder used to keep film flat &
unbent
Long PID or TFD to offset
increased magnification due to
great OFD

Paralleling Technique

B isecting A ngle Technique

B isecting A ngle Technique

Cieszynski s Rule of Isometry
Rule of Isometry- 2 triangles are (=)

if they have two (=) angles and

share a common side
Film placement- Lingual surface

B isecting A ngle Technique

1. Horizontal Angulation
Correct- central ray is directed

perpendicular to the curvature of the

arch and through the contact areas
leading to open contact areas
X Incorrect - results in and overlapped
interproximal contact areas

B isecting A ngle Technique

2. Vertical Angulation

B isecting A ngle Technique

Video

Foreshortening

Elongation

Seatw ork: (by group)

1. Draw the diagram of paralleling technique

and bisecting angle technique

2.State the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
3. Draw the components of a dental xray film.
Label and describe the functions of each.
4.Indicate the uses of each size of the film.
(size 0, 1, 2, 4)
5. Describe the uses of a developer and a
fixer.