Fransiska Kartika

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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A condition in which the body cannot make or cannot use

insulin properly
Metabolic disorder of multiple etiology (causes)
characterized by hyperglycemia with carbohydrates, fat,
and protein metabolic alterations that result in defects in
the secretion of insulin, its action or both.
If someone suffering to diabetes , the majority of intake of
food is converted into glucose.
The pancreas produces the insulin hormone, which help
the glucose to entry body cells
In persons with diabetes, the insulin does not work.
Therefore, the sugar and the fat increase in the blood.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is of unknown etiology

(i.e., origin). Diabetes mellitus with a known etiology,
such as secondary to other diseases, known gene
defects, trauma or surgery, or the effects of drugs, is
more appropriately called secondary diabetes mellitus
or diabetes due to a specific cause. Examples include
diabetes mellitus such as MODY or those caused by
hemochromatosis, pancreatic insufficiencies, or
certain types of medications (e.g., long-term steroid
use).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

NOT an Equal Opportunity Disease!

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Jelaskan bagaimana epidemiologi

karena acara adat budaya dll di
indonesia

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

In case of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the insulin can be normal, even

more, but the number of receptors (catcher) on the surface of cells
lacking insulin. Insulin receptor can be likened to the lock entrance
into the cell. In case of type 2 diabetes, the less the key hole, so that
even if the key (insulin) a lot, but because the key hole (receptor) is
less, then the glucose into the cells slightly, so that the cells shortage of
fuel (glucose) and glucose levels in blood increases. Thus the situation
is similar to type 1 DM state, the difference is in type 2 diabetes in
addition to high glucose levels, insulin levels are too high or normal.
On type 2 diabetes can also be found sufficient amount of insulin or
more but less good quality, thus failing to bring glucose into the cell.
In addition to the above causes, diabetes can also result from impaired
glucose transport in cells that failed to be used as fuel for energy
metabolism. Now we see the explanation in the picture might
be more easily understood :D

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Pada keadaan diabetes mellitus tipe 2, jumlah insulin bisa

normal, bahkan lebih banyak, tetapi jumlah reseptor (penangkap)
insulin di permukaan sel kurang. Reseptor insulin ini dapat
diibaratkan sebagai lubang kunci pintu masuk ke dalam sel. Pada
keadaan DM tipe 2, jumlah lubang kuncinya kurang, sehingga
meskipun anak kuncinya (insulin) banyak, tetapi karena lubang
kuncinya (reseptor) kurang, maka glukosa yang masuk ke dalam
sel sedikit, sehingga sel kekurangan bahan bakar (glukosa) dan
kadar glukosa dalam darah meningkat. Dengan demikian keadaan
ini sama dengan keadaan DM tipe 1, bedanya adalah pada DM
tipe 2 disamping kadar glukosa tinggi, kadar insulin juga tinggi
atau normal. Pada DM tipe 2 juga bisa ditemukan jumlah insulin
cukup atau lebih tetapi kualitasnya kurang baik, sehingga gagal
membawa glukosa masuk ke dalam sel. Di samping penyebab di
atas, DM juga bisa terjadi akibat gangguan transport glukosa di
dalam sel sehingga gagal digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk
metabolism energy.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Possible induction of type 2 diabetes from a variety of hormonal

abnormalities, such as hormone secretion of the adrenal gland, pituitary and
thyroid is an observational study that is worthy of leaves at this time. For
example, the incidence of IGT and diabetes mellitus are related by the socalled acromegaly or Cushing's syndrome and hiperkortisolism.
Hormone hypersecretion of GH in acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome often
results in insulin resistance, both in the liver and other organ, with
hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia simtoma, which have an impact on
cardiovascular disease and cause of death.
GH does have an important role in glucose metabolism by stimulating
glukogenesis and lipolysis, and increased levels of blood glucose and fatty
acids. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) increased sensitivity to
insulin, especially in striated muscle. However, in acromegaly, increased ratio
of IGF-I can not lower insulin resistance, because excess GH.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Normal :
Insulin acts as a key open up the cells so
it can save the glucose
DM:
In a person with a type two diabetes your
insulin receptors at lack sensitive . Even
your pancreas continous to produce
insulin it is still not able to meet the
needs of your body. It is more difficult
for glucose to enter the cells and raise
your blood glucose level.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Early symptoms may be

nothing more than chronic
fatigue, generalised weakness
and malaise (feeling of unease)
Excessive urine production
Excessive thirst and increased
fluid intake
Blurred vision (typically from
lens shape alterations, due to
osmotic effects, e.g., high
blood glucose levels)
Unexplained weight loss
Lethargy
Itching of external genitalia

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

 Symptoms
(suggest possible diabetes)

High

glucose in blood

(confirm if higher than 126 mg/dl)

Glucose

in hemoglobin

(indicates quality of diabetes

control - higher than 7 mmol)

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Medications
(insulin vs. hypoglycaemic agents)
Increase physical activity
at least walk for 30 min. most days
Appropriate diet
vegetables
fruit
low in fat and carbohydrates
Lifestyle changes

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

 Well

balanced diet
Exercise : You can choose the
physical activity that that you like to
do
Medications when appropriate
Timely access to health care

services
No tobacco dont ever try to smoke
No alcohol
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

https://docs.google.com/viewer?
a=v&q=cache:JQd39uvGMR0J:ocw.usu.ac.id/course
http://www.news-medical.net/health/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type2-Pathophysiology.aspx
http://www.natap.org/2005/HIV/041105_04.html
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2