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REINFORCEMENT
ON
THE
REINFORCING
MATERIAL.
THEY
ALSO
SERVE
CERTAIN
THE MATRIX FORCES LOAD SHARING AMONG ALL THE FIBRE'S, STRENGTHENING THE
MATERIAL. THE MAIN TYPES OF REINFORCEMENTS ARE CONTINUOUS FIBRE'S,
DISCONTINUOUS (SHORT FIBRE'S), WHISKERS, AND PARTICULATES.
The elements selected as reinforcements are usually the lower atomic numbered elements of groups
2, 13, 14, 15, and 16 (Fig. 2) because of the desirable engineering traits of light weight, high
strength, and stiffness. The stable covalent bonding contributes to the strength and stiffness of the
compounds.
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
The main types of reinforcements are continuous fibers, discontinuous (short fibers/whiskers),
and particles
CONTINUOUS FIBERS
Continuous fibers are long strands of fibers having a small cross sectional area.
The fibers are placed in bundles containing between 1,000 to 12,000 fibers each depending on the parameters of
the load the composite must carry.
The bundles are then placed in the matrix in geometrical patterns. If aligned in a single direction, the resulting
composite will have anisotropic properties.
This is analogous to bone, a natural composite. Sometimes one directional properties are not what is called for in
the design. A composite may need to bend when it is twisted, or be able to withstand loads in two directions.
Laminates allow for such flexibility in design. Laminates are made by combining one directional
composites which have fibers oriented at different angles.
The properties of the laminate as a whole depend on the orientation and thickness of each layer. This
flexibility of design has helped composites to become popular in high tech applications.
FIBERS
Glass, Aramid, and Carbon fibers are the only fibers of importance for the
reinforcement of plastics.
A.
B.
C.
GLASS FIBERS
Glass Fibers fine fibers with almost uniform, mainly round cross section, obtained from molten
glass
Textile glass fibers
1.
2.
90% of glass fibers is E-glass (Aluminum Boron Silicate Glass). Other specialty glasses are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Surface Treatment usually applied to the glass during the drawing process
1.
2.
Safety Nontoxic and ecologically safe. Only issues are skin irritation on contact and inhalation.
CARBON FIBERS
Forms
1.
2.
Safety considerations
1.
2.
3.
Skin irritation
A second type of reinforcement are discontinuous (short) fibers (0.3 cm or less), which are placed
randomly into a matrix.
The advantage of discontinuous fibers lies in the fact that the resulting composite tends to be more
isotropic than continuous fibers and they are generally easier for industry to fabricate particularly for
complex irregularly-shaped component geometries.
ARAMID FIBERS
Melt at 500C
1.
Two forms
a.
b.
Unoriented type A
Oriented higher modulus type B
Types
a.
Kevlar
b.
Nomex
Will absorb moisture properties will fail in a strongly acidic or alkaline environment
WHISKERS
Single crystals grown with nearly zero defects are termed whiskers.
These are very short fibers (less than 1 mm in length), usually of silicon carbide (SiC).
Whiskers are used to make brittle ceramic matrixes more crack -resistant and to increase the specific
stiffness and strength of a metal.
Although whiskers don't have the same reinforcing capability as continuous fibers, composites with
whiskers are easy to fabricate.
Ceramic materials whiskers have high moduli, useful strengths and low densities. Specific strength and
specific modulus are very high and this makes ceramic whiskers suitable for low weight structure
composites.
PARTICLE
Particle composites contain ceramic (or metal) powders with very small particle dimensions.
Square, triangular and round shapes of reinforcement are known, but the dimensions of all their sides
are observed to be more or less equal.
Particle composites reduce friction, increase wear resistance, increase abrasion resistance, improve
machinability, increase surface hardness, and reduce shrinkage.
Their main advantage is that they are extremely cost effective, since lay-up of fibers is not required.
ADVANTAGE OF REINFORCEMENT
1.Increased
Strength
2.Increased
stiffness
3.Reduced
Shrinkage
4.Reduced
5.Increased
dimensional stability
6.Reduced
cycle times
7.Reduced
weight
8.Electrical
9.Lubricational
DIS-ADVANTAGE OF REINFORCEMENT
1.Reduced
impact strength
2.Directional
3.Increased
4.Reduces
5.the
warping
abrasion
6.Skin
7.Special