Chapter 8

Cell Division: Mitosis and

Meiosis
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon

Lectures by Yemi Olabiran

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Two types of Cell Division

Cell Division is necessary in any life cycle
Mitosis and Meiosis are two types of divisions of
the nucleus
Cytokinesis division of the entire cell
Mitosis (asexual reproduction)
Genetically identical cells produced

Meiosis
Production of gametes. Offspring not
genetically identical
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 In sexual reproduction
Fertilization of sperm and egg produces
offspring
In asexual reproduction
Offspring are produced by a single parent,
without the participation of sperm and egg

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CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTION

8.1 Like begets like, more or less

Some organisms reproduce asexually

Figure 8.1A
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LM 340

And their offspring are genetic copies of

the parent and of each other

 Other organisms reproduce sexually

Creating a variety of offspring

Figure 8.1B
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8.2 Cells arise only from preexisting cells

Cell division is at the heart of the reproduction of
cells and organisms
Because cells come only from preexisting cells

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8.3 Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

Prokaryotic cells
Reproduce asexually by cell division

Colorized TEM 32,500

Prokaryotic chromosomes

Figure 8.3B
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 As the cell
Prokaryotic
replicates its
chromosome
single chromosome,
the copies move apart

Plasma
membrane
Cell wall

And the growing

membrane then
divides the cells
3

Figure 8.3A
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Duplication of chromosome
and separation of copies

Continued elongation of the

cell and movement of copies

Division into
two daughter cells

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS

8.4 The large, complex chromosomes of

eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
A eukaryotic cell has many more genes than a
prokaryotic cell
And they are grouped into multiple
chromosomes in the nucleus

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 Individual chromosomes contain a very long DNA

molecule associated with proteins
And are visible only when the cell is in the
process of dividing
If a cell is not undergoing division

Figure 8.4A
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LM 600

Chromosomes
occur in the
form of thin,
loosely packed
chromatin fibers

Haploid and Diploid Cells

Haploid cells- one set of chromosomes
Diploid cells- two sets of chromosomes
Humans- haploid number(n) is 23 and diploid number
(2n) is 46
Homologous Chromosomes
Paternal and maternal chromosomes are
homologous, they are similar but not identical.
Each one carries the same genes but may have
different versions (alleles) of these genes

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Before a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes

replicate
Sister chromatids

Producing sister
chromatids joined
together at the
centromere

TEM 36,000

Centromere
(condensed
DNA)

Figure 8.4B
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Cell division involves the separation of sister

chromatids
And results in two
daughter cells,
each containing
a complete and
Centromere
identical set of
chromosomes

Chromosome
duplication
Sister
chromatids

Chromosome
distribution
to
daughter
cells
Figure 8.4C
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells

The cell cycle consists of two major phases
INTERPHASE

G1

MIT C
PH OTI
C
AS
E(
M)

ito
sis

s is
e
kin
o
t
y

Figure 8.5
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S
(DNA synthesis)

G2

 During interphase
Chromosomes duplicate and cell parts are
made
During the mitotic phase
Duplicated chromosomes are evenly
distributed into two daughter nuclei

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8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic

changes
In mitosis, after the chromosomes coil up
A mitotic spindle moves them to the middle
of the cell

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 The sister chromatids then separate

And move to opposite poles of the cell,
where two nuclei form
Cytokinesis, in which the cell divides in two
Overlaps the end of mitosis

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LM 250

The stages of cell division

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Chromatin

Early mitotic
spindle

PROMETAPHASE

Centrosome

Fragments
of nuclear
envelope

Kinetochore

Nucleolus
Nuclear
envelope

Chromosome, consisting
Plasma
membrane ot two sister chromatids

Figure 8.6 (Part 1)

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Centromere

Spindle
microtubules

ANAPHASE

METAPHASE

Cleavage
furrow

Metaphase
plate

Spindle

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Daughter
chromosomes

Figure 8.6 (Part 2)

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Nuclear
envelope
forming

Nucleolus
forming

8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells

In animals

Cleavage
furrow

Cleavage furrow

Figure 8.7A
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SEM 140

Cytokinesis occurs
by a constriction of
the cell (cleavage)

Contracting
ring of
microfilaments

Daughter cells

 In plants

Cell plate
forming

Wall of
parent cell

Daughter
nucleus

TEM 7,500

A membranous cell
plate splits the cell
in two

Cell wall

Vesicles containing
cell wall material

Figure 8.7B
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New cell wall

Cell plate

Daughter cells

8.8 Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth

factors affect cell division
Most animal cells divide
Only when stimulated, and some not at all

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8.11 Review of the functions of mitosis: Growth, cell

replacement, and asexual reproduction
When the cell cycle operates normally, mitotic cell
division functions in

Figure 8.11A
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LM 500

Growth

LM 700

Replacement of damaged or lost cells

Figure 8.11B
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Meiosis : Reduction Division

Gamete formation must involve some mechanism
that reduces the number of chromosomes to half
the number found in other cells
If not, chromosome number would double with
each fertilisation becoming impossibly large after
several generations!
Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes
during gamete formation

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEIOSIS AND CROSSING OVER

8.12 Chromosomes are matched in homologous
pairs
The somatic (body) cells of each species
Contain a specific number of chromosomes
For example human cells have 46
Making up 23 pairs of homologous
chromosomes

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 The chromosomes of a homologous pair

Carry genes for the same characteristics at
the same place, or locus
Chromosomes

Centromere

Figure 8.12

Sister chromatids

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8.13 Gametes have a single set of chromosomes

Cells with two sets of chromosomes
Are said to be diploid
Gametes, eggs and sperm, are haploid
With a single set of chromosomes

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Sexual life cycles

Involve the
alternation of
haploid and
diploid stages

Figure 8.13
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8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number

from diploid to haploid
Meiosis, like mitosis
Is preceded by chromosome duplication
But in meiosis
The cell divides twice to form four daughter
cells

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The first division, meiosis I

Starts with synapsis, the pairing of
homologous chromosomes
In crossing over
Homologous chromosomes exchange
corresponding segments
Meiosis I separates each homologous pair
And produce two daughter cells, each with
one set of chromosomes
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 Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis

The sister chromatids of each chromosome
separate
The result is a total of four haploid cells

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The stages of meiosis

MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate
INTERPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)

Nuclear
envelope

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I

Sites of crossing over

Spindle

Chromatin

Sister
chromatids

Tetrad

Figure 8.14 (Part 1)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microtubules
Metaphase
attached to
plate
kinetochore

Centromere
(with kinetochore)

ANAPHASE I

Sister chromatids
remain attached

Homologous
chromosomes separate

MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

TELOPHASE I
AND CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE II
AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Sister chromatids
separate

Figure 8.14 (Part 2)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Haploid daughter cells

forming

8.15 Review: A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis

Meiosis
Parent cell
(before chromosome replication)

Meiosis i
Prophase I

Prophase
Duplicated
chromosome
(two sister chromatids)

2n = 4

Metaphase

Chromosomes
align at the
metaphase plate

Tetrads
align at the
metaphase plate

Anaphase
Telophase

Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase

Homologous
chromosomes
separate during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together

2n
Daughter cells
of mitosis

Tetrad formed
by synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes

Chromosome
replication

Chromosome
replication

2n

Figure 8.15
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

No further
chromosomal
replication; sister
chromatids
separate
during
anaphase II

Metaphase I

Anaphase I
Telophase I

Haploid
n=2
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
Meiosis ii

n
n
n
Daughter cells of meiosis II

8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in

meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied
offspring
Each chromosome of a homologous pair
Differs at many points from the other member
of the pair

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Random arrangements of chromosome pairs at

metaphase I of meiosis
Lead to many different combinations of
chromosomes in eggs and sperm
Possibility 1

Possibility 2
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Gametes
Figure 8.16

Combination 1 Combination 2

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Combination 3 Combination 4

 Random fertilization of eggs by sperm

Greatly increases this variation

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8.17 Homologous chromosomes carry different

versions of genes
The differences between homologous chromosomes
Are based on the fact that they can bear different
versions of a gene at corresponding loci
Brown coat (C); black eyes (E)

Coat-color
genes

Eye-color
genes

Brown

Black

Meiosis
c
White

e
Pink

Tetrad in parent cell

(homologous pair of
duplicated chromosomes)

Chromosomes of
the four gametes

Figure 8.17A
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Figure 8.17B

White coat (C); pink eyes (e)

8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic

variability

Which results from

crossing over during
prophase I of meiosis,
increases variation
Tetrad
still further

TEM 2,200

Genetic recombination

Chiasma

Centromere
Figure 8.18A
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 How crossing
over leads to
genetic variation

Coat-color
genes
C

Eye-color
genes
E

c
1

Breakage of homologous chromatids

e
2

Tetrad (homologous
pair of chromosomes
in synapsis)

Joining of homologous chromatids

E

Chiasma
e

c
3

c
4

Figure 8.18B
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Separation of homologous
chromosomes at anaphase I

e
Separation of chromatids at
anaphase II and completion
of meiosis

Parental type of chromosome

Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome

Gametes of four genetic types