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AISHWARYA DEOPUJARI
PRERANA DAS
NISHTHA DUGGAL
VASUNDHRA SINGH
SRIDEVI
SECTION-B
6TH SEMESTER
Contents
Basic Concepts
Psychrometry
Outdoor Design Conditions
Indoor Design Criteria
Cooling Load Principles
Cooling Load Components
Heating Load
Basic Concepts
Thermal load
The amount of heat that must be added or
removed from the space to maintain the proper
temperature in the space
When thermal loads push conditions outsider
PSYCHROMETRY
What is PSYCHROMETRY
The field of engineering concerned with the determination of physical and
moisture content or humidity and its effect on various materials and human
beings.
Helps in understanding different constituents of air and how they affect each
other.
vapor or moisture.
Air without any water vapor - dry air (ideal condition,
not possible)
Composition of air:
Nitrogen (78%),
Oxygen (21%)
Others (1%) like carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium,
neon, and argon along with water vapor.
State
Point
Air Properties
Dry-bulb temperature,
Wet-bulb
temperature, Twb,
represents how much
moisture the air can
evaporate. This
temperature is often
measured with a
common mercury
thermometer that has
the bulb covered with
a water-moistened
wick and with a known
air velocity passing
over the wick. On the
chart, the wet-bulb
lines slope a little
upward to the left,
and this
temperature is read
at the saturation
line.
temperature at which
water vapor starts to
condense out of air
that is cooling. Above
this temperature, the
moisture stays in the
air.
This temperature is
read by following a
horizontal line from
the state-point
(found earlier) to
the saturation line.
Humidity in air
Relative Humidity
A measure of of
much water is in
the air relative to
the maximum
amount air can
hol at that
tmperature
16
http://www.ae.iastate.edu/Ast473/Lectures/%285%29Psychrometric_Chart/sld024.htm
17
Nature of heat
What is the measure of temperature
Temperature is measured in degrees celsius
The lower is 0 fixed at a melting point of ice at a
Thermodynamic
temperature
scale
This is another measure of temperature in degrees
Kelvin
0 degree celsius= 273.16 Kelvin (K)
100 degree celsius = 317.16 Kelvin
The unit of thermodynamic temperature is the
fraction of the thermodynamic temperature at the
triple point water
(equilibrium point of the temperature and pressure
at which three known phases of substance can
exist i.e. liquid, water vapour and pure ice)
Quantity of heat
How do we measure the quantity of heat?
Heat is measured in joules (J) which is a
Heat transfer
Name three ways heat is transferred from one
Thermal comfort
In high activity the temperature rises and the
Example
Heat output
Immobile
Sleeping
70W
Seated
Watching TV
115W
Light work
Office
140W
Medium work
Factory Work
265W
Heavy work
Lifting
440W
Clothing
The amount of clothing that we wear
Clothing
Typical comfort
temperature
when sitting
0 clo
Swimwear
29C
0.5 clo
Light clothing
25C
1 clo
Suit , jumper
22C
2 clo
14C
Room temperatures
What would you consider in design to maintain
temperature in buildings?
The resistance of a material to the passage of
heat and the thermal conductivity of the material
in passing the heat along are the basics of
understanding of maintaining a steady
temperature and a comfortable thermal indoor
environment
In order to maintain a comfortable room
temperature the building must be provided with
as much heat as is lost through ventilation
sun
Degree of exposure to rain and wind
Thermal conductivity
(k)
The amount of heat loss in one second
through 1m2 of material, whose thickness is 1
metre
The units are W/mK (watts per metre Kelvin)
K-Values
Material
K Value
(W/mK)
0.84
1.40
0.38
Plaster, dense
0.50
Rendering
0.50
0.51
0.19
conductivity:
R=1/K
Air movement
Properties are tested for airtightness
Draught seals are fitted to all openings
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Humans are used to a relative humidity of
Type of room
Halls
Air changes in hr
1.0
Bedrooms /lounges
1.5
WCs and bathrooms
2.0
Heat loss to
ventilation
Calculation
{(4.5x3.25x2.6)m3 x 1.35 x 1300J x (19-6)}/
3600s
240.983 Watts
Calculation
Lounge 3.5 x 3.5 x 2.4 =29.4
Kitchen 4.0 x 2.5 x 2.4 =24.0
Bedroom One 3.0 x 3.0 x 2.4 =21.6
Bedroom Two 2.75 x 2.75 x 2.4
Bathroom Three
2.5 x 2.0 x 2.4
Total volume = 105.91m3
=18.15
=12.0
Calculation
condensation
This is formed when hot , humid air meets a cold
Acceptable values
The acceptable values of heat loss or U-values
Thermal conductivity
(k)
= W/mC or W/mK
; k = W x m/(m x C)
U-Values
A measurement of the rate of heat loss
through a structure
Thermal resistivity is the reciprocal of thermal
conductivity:
R=1/K
PRINCIPLES OF AIR
COOLING
Principle
A. Expansion Valve
B. Compressor
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Arrangement
52
TYPES OF AIR
CONDITIONERS
Room air conditioners
Central air conditioning systems
Heat pumps
Evaporative coolers
53
Air Conditioning
54
55
56
57
Types of Central AC
split-system
an outdoor metal cabinet contains the
condenser and compressor, and an indoor
cabinet contains the evaporator
Packaged
the evaporator, condenser, and
compressor are all located in one cabinet
58
59
60
filtration.
Supplementary heating with radiators in the
outer rooms and individual mini heater and
Humidifier in the air stream to each room.
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windows it has;
how much shade is on your home's
windows, walls, and roof;
how much insulation is in your home's
ceiling and walls;
how much air leaks into your home from
the outside; and
how much heat the occupants and
appliances in your home generate
EGEE 102 - Pisupati
62
Energy Consumption
Air conditioners are rated by the number
63
Energy Efficiency
Today's best air conditioners use 30% to 50%
64
Energy Efficiency
Rating is based on how many Btu per hour
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of 8.0 or greater
EER of at least 9.0 if you live in a mild climate
EER over 10 for warmer climates
66
Central AC
National minimum standards for central air
17
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Basic Concepts
Purpose of HVAC load estimation
Calculate peak design loads (cooling/heating)
Estimate likely plant/equipment capacity or size
Provide info for HVAC design e.g. load profiles
Form the basis for building energy analysis
Cooling load is our main target
Important for warm climates & summer design
Affect building performance & its first cost
Basic Concepts
Heat transfer mechanism
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Thermal properties of building materials
Overall thermal transmittance (U-value)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal capacity (specific heat)
Basic Concepts
A building survey will help us achieve a
Basic Concepts
Building survey (contd)
People (number or density, duration of
occupancy, nature of activity)
Lighting (W/m2, type)
Appliances (wattage, location, usage)
Ventilation (criteria, requirements)
Thermal storage (if any)
Continuous or intermittent operation
atm. pressure
Outdoor design conditions
Derived from statistical analysis of weather data
Typical data can be found in handbooks/databooks,
such as ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbooks
normals
comfort)
COOLING LOAD
PRINCIPLES
Thermal zoning
loads
time
Two categories:
External loads
Internal loads
Cooling load
Heating Load
Design heating load
Max. heat energy required to maintain winter
indoor design temp.
Usually occurs before sunrise on the coldest days
Include transmission losses & infiltration/ventilation
Assumptions:
All heating losses are instantaneous heating loads
Solar heat gains & internal loads usually not considered
Latent heat often not considered (unless w/ humidifier)
References
ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001
Chapter 26 Ventilation and Infiltration
Chapter 27 Climatic Design Information
Chapter 28 Residential Cooling and Heating
Load Calculations
Chapter 29 Nonresidential Cooling and
Heating Load Calculations
Chapter 30 Fenestration
Chapter 31 Energy Estimation and Modeling
Methods
References
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration