GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR

MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

PRESENTATION PLAN
INTRODUCTION
CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
MOBILITY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
GSM PROTOCOLS

HISTORY OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
1982 CEPT start to develop cell

structure
1986 Basic GSM radio tarnsmission
technics chosen
1988 The Telecommunication
Standarts Instute define GSM
1989 Explanation is finished for GSM
Generation 1
1991 First call in GSM

 1992 First GSM Network in the world

1993 GSM Network is reached 32
1994 First GSM Network in Africa,
1995 GSM Network is reached 117
1998 120 Million User on the World
1999 First GPRS
1998 480 Million User on the World

 2003 863 Million User on the World

2004 3G World Congress
2007 2.4 Billion user on the world

1st Generation
Start to use in 1989
Call forwarding
All calls
No answer
Engaged
Unreachable
Outgoing calls barring
Incoming calls barring
Global roaming

2nd Generation

Finished process in 1995

SMS(Short Message Services)
Multi Party Calling
Call holding
Call waiting
Mobile data service
Mobile fax service
Call line identity
Advice of charging
Cell broadcast

2+

Generation

Start to use in 1998

Services developed
DECT and GSM
VPN(Virtual Private Network)
Packet Radio
SIM development
Enjoyable services

Mobile Radio

Cellular Mobile
Communications

Definition
A cellular mobile comms. system uses a large
number of low-power wireless transmitters to
create cells
Variable power levels allow cells to be sized
according to subscriber density and demand within
a particular region
As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their
conversations are handed off between cells
Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be
reused in another cell some distance away

Mobile Comms. Principles

Mobile uses a separate, temporary radio
channel to talk to the cell site
Cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using
one channel per mobile
Channels use a pair of frequencies for
communication
The forward link for transmitting from the cell site
The reverse link for the cell site to receive calls from
the users

Mobile Comms. Principles

Radio energy dissipates over

distance, so mobiles must stay near

the base station to maintain
communications
Basic structure of mobile networks
includes telephone systems and
radio services

Mobile Comms. Principles

Where mobile radio service operates in a closed
network and has no access to the telephone
system, mobile telephone service allows
interconnection to the telephone network

Mobile Comms. Principles

Radio energy dissipates over

distance, so mobiles must stay near

the base station to maintain
communications
basic structure of mobile networks
includes telephone systems and
radio services

Mobile Systems Using Cells

The cellular concept employs
variable low-power levels

cells are sized according to the

subscriber density and demand in a
given area

Cells can be added to accommodate

population growth

Mobile Systems Using Cells

As with early mobile radio systems, the base

station communicates with mobiles via a channel

The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to
the base station and one to receive information from the base
station

Mobile System using

Cellular architecture

Cellular System Architecture

In modern cellular telephony, rural and

urban regions are divided into areas

according to specific provisioning
guidelines
Deployment parameters, such as amount
of cell-splitting and cell sizes, are
determined by engineers experienced in
cellular system architecture

Cells
A cell is the basic geographic unit of
a cellular system

The term cellular comes from the honeycomb

shape of the areas into which a coverage
region is divided
Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as
hexagons
Size varies depending on the landscape

Clusters
A cluster is a group of cells
No channels are reused within a cluster

A seven Cell Cluster

Cell Splitting
Allows urban centres to be split into as many

areas as necessary for acceptable service levels in

heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive
cells can be used to cover remote rural regions

GSM NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

OPEN INTERFACES OF GSM

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Base Station Subsystem(BSS)
Network Management
Subsystem(NMS) or Operation and
Support Subsystem(OSS)
They connect with Air,A,O&M
interfaces

MOBILITY FUNCTIONS
Registration and Database
SIM (The Subscriber Identity Module)
Location Update

Registration and Database

HLR (Home Location Register)
It includes all permanent users information
VLR(Visitor Location Register)
It includes temporary users information
according to users position
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
It is an integrated structure with phone
exchange(Santral)

Databases of GSM Network

SIM
It includes numbers which provide

definition of user for network

It also includes reachable networks
list

Location Update

Procedure of Location
Update

SET UP CALLS IN GSM

NETWORK
+90 400 398 0102
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
CC : Country Code
NDC : National Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number
GMSC : Gateway Mobile Services
Switching Center

REACH CALLS FROM PSTN TO

GSM NETWORK

GUDE CALL TO GSM

NETWORK

CONTENT OF HLR
MSISDN
IMSI
They provide the right call, right service
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Sucscriber Identification
Number

 MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number)

MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC : Country Code
NDC : National Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number
2.MSC wants to MSRN FROM HLR(Left Photo)
HLR gives MSRN to MSC for startin call(Right Photo)

PROCEDURE OF CALL SET

UP

Procedure
The number is MSISDN
PSTN central analyse the MSISDN

and connect to GMSC

GMSC analyse the MSISDN and send
message HLR
HLR control databases and thrust
into the users location
HLR query MSC/VLR

 MSC/VLR produce MSRN

MSC/VLR send MSRN to HLR, HLR

send it
to GMSC
GMSC realise MSC/VLR for forwarding
call
MSC/VLR gets MSRN and starts to call
MSC/VLR starts to paging process in
location area.The user is found with
paging signal and call set up

PROCEDURE OF CALL SET UP

FROM MOBLE USER

HANDOVER
TWO REASON
When The Radio Signals quality and

power decreases to necessary scores,

the connection deliver to more
powerful cell
When The Trraffic Capacity approaches
to maximum , the connection deliver
to less density of traffic cell

SIGNALS AND PROTOCOLS

STANDART MESSAGES
SENDER WANTS TO SERVICE
OPERATOR ASK THAT YOU WANTS TO TALK
,BUT WHICH USER
OPERATOR CONNECT TO RECEIVER
WHEN THE RECEIVER REPLIES TO CALL
,THE CALL STARTS
WHEN THE RECEIVER OR SENDER CLOSE
THE PHONE , THE OPERATOR FINISH
CONNECTION TO EACH OTHER

PROCEDURE OF SIGNALS

COMMON CHANNEL
SIGNALLING SYSTEM
MTP(MASSAGE TRANSFER PART)
TUP(TELEPHONE USER PART)
SSCP(SIGNALLING CONNECTION AND
CONTROL PART)

MTP(MASSAGE TRANSFER
PART)

PHYSICAL CONNECTION
It includes data links and their propertie
DATA LINK CONTROL
It helps to transfer messages between
component of network perfectly
NETWORK LAYER
It provides to transfer messages
between component of network

TUP(TELEPHONE USER
PART)

 Users identification
Who get this messages or signals
Who make a process this signal
TUP,NUD,ISUP help to set up calls
and they make same task

SIGNALLING CONNECTION AND

CONTROL PART

 It provides virtual connections

It guarentee to transfer messages
from every signals point to every
signals point secure
It provides multi-point
communication

Briefly
MTP transmit messages
TUP use this messages.It sets up

calls,manages calls and finishes calls

SCCP create virtual connections and
multi-point communication

OTHER SS7 APPLICATION IN

GSM NETWORK
BSSAP(Base Station Subsystem
Application Part)
MAP (Mobile Application Part)
TCAP (Transaction Capabilities
Application Part)

BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM

APPLICATION PART
It provide MSC-BSC and MSC-MS
communication
SCCP service is required

MOBILE APPLICATION PART

Before the call is guided to HLR, MSRN is wanted
from HLR , so the another protocol is added SS7
which is called MAP

It provides to communicate between Component

of Network Switching Subsystem

MAP only uses for non-call-related messaging in

MSC-MSC communication

TCAP (Transaction Capabilities

Application Part)
It manages to communication
It likes a secretary

in MAP

SS7 LAYER IN COMPONENT OF

GSM
SET OF PROTOCOL IN MSC
SET OF PROTOCOL IN HLR
SET OF PROTOCOL IN BSC

SET OF PROTOCOL IN MSC

MSC control calls

MTP is required for all components

which works with SS7

TUP/ISUP is reuired for calls
It has all components of layers in SS7

SET OF PROTOCOL IN HLR

 It does not intersest control of calls,

so TUP/ISUP is not necessary
It does not connect directly, so
BSSAP is not necessary

SET OF PROTOCOL IN BSC

 BSS AP is only required

SCCP services are necessrary
Consequently MTP is required

SS7 PROTOCOLS IN DIFFERENT

NETWORK COMPONENTS

Next table show functions of

SS7 Protocols for all
components of GSM network

MSC

BSC

HLR

MTP

It provides to
transfer the
messages of
SS7 between
different
network
components

It provides to
transfer the
messages of
SS7 between
different
network
components

It provides to transfer the messages of SS7

between different network components

TUP/ISU
P

It provides to
set up, manage
and control the
calls

No exist

No exist

SCCP

It provides
connectionless
communication
and virtual
connections

It provides
virtual
connection
between MSC

Connectionless Communication

and MS

BSSAP

It provides GSM
communication
between BSC
and MS

MSC and GSM

communication

No exist

MAP

It provides
basic
communication
between HLR
and other MSC

No exist

It provides basic communication between

MSC and HLR

TCAP

It provides to
connect service
to MAP

No exist

It provides to connect service to MAP

It provides

No exist

It provides communication via Intelligent