Respon Imune

Irma Suswati

Cells of the Immune System

Immune System

Myeloid Cells

Lymphoid Cells

Granulocytic

Monocytic

T cells

B cells

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

Macrophages
Kupffer cells
Dendritic cells

Helper cells
Suppressor cells
Cytotoxic cells

Plasma cells

NK cells

Immune Sistem
Immune System

Innate
(Nonspecific)
1o line of defense

Cellular Components

Humoral Components

Adaptive
(Specific)
o
2 line of defense
Protects/re-exposure

Cellular Components

Interactions between the two systems

Humoral Components

Immune Sistem

biokimia

humoral

Immune Sistem
1.Sistem imun non-spesifik (natural/innate)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Pertahanan fisis dan mekanis

Pertahanan biokimia
Pertahanan humoral
Pertahanan selular

2. Sistem imun spesifik (adaptive/acquired)

a. Sistem imun humoral
b. Sistem imun selular

Innate Host Defenses Against

Infection
Anatomical barriers
Mechanical factors
Biochemical factors
Biological factors

Humoral components
Complement
Coagulation system
Cytokines

Cellular components

Neutrophils
Monocytes and macrophages
NK cells
Eosinophils

Anatomical Barriers - Mechanical Factors

System or Organ

Cell type

Mechanism

Skin

Squamous epithelium

Physical barrier
Desquamation

Mucous
Membranes

Non-ciliated epithelium
(e.g. GI tract)

Peristalsis

Ciliated epithelium (e.g.

respiratory tract)

Mucociliary
elevator

Epithelium (e.g.
nasopharynx)

Flushing action of
tears, saliva,
mucus, urine

Mechanical Factors
Pertahanan fisis

MUCUS
Goblet Cell: Secretes
mucus.
GI dan Respiratory Tracts
Komposisi Mucus

1% Mucin
1% Free Protein
1% Dialyzable Salts
>95% Water

Melindungi epithelium
dari stress, kerusakan
enzym dan pertahanan
bahan pathogen.

Anatomical Barriers - Biochemical

Factors
System or Organ

Component

Mechanism

Skin

Sweat

Anti-microbial fatty
acids

Mucous
Membranes

HCl (parietal cells)

Tears and saliva

Low pH
Lysozyme and
phospholipase A

Defensins (respiratory &

GI tract)

Antimicrobial

Sufactants (lung)

Opsonin

Biochemical Factors
Lysozymes
14kDa enzim merusak dinding sel bakteri.
Bakteri Gram-Positive: Streptococci
Bakteri Gram-Negative
Bakteri autolysins
Bakteri aggregasi
Blocking bakterial adherence
Inhibisi produksi asam

Biochemical Factors
Lactoferrin : Antiviral Activity
DNA and RNA viruses are susceptible

CMV
HIV
HSV
HBV
HCV
Rotavirus
Respiratory syncytial virus

Effective pada infeksi awal

Biochemical Factors
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI)
Epithelial cells
SLPI pertahanan mucosa:
Inflammation
Menghambat pertumbuhan bacteria, fungi, virus
Meningkatkan penyembuhan luka

SLPI menghambat infeksi HIV

Mechanism belum diketahui???

Biochemical Factors
Defensins
3-5kDa cationic peptides
-defensins-1, -2, -3, -4 dan -defensin-5.
Anti-viral activity

Anatomical Barriers - Biological Factors

System or Organ
Skin and mucous
membranes

Component
Normal flora

Mechanism
Antimicrobial
substances
Competition for
nutrients and
colonization

Innate immunity/non-specific immunity

First barrier to microorganism entry : Skin,Mucous membranes, pH,
temperature, Antimicrobial substances

Humoral Components
Component

Mechanism

Complement

Lysis of bacteria and some viruses

Opsonin
Increase in vascular permeability
Recruitment and activation of phagocytic cells

Coagulation system

Increase vascular permeability

Recruitment of phagocytic cells
-lysin from platelets a cationic detergent

Lactoferrin and
transferrin

Compete with bacteria for iron

Lysozyme

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Cytokines

Various effects

Cellular Components
Cell

Functions

Neutrophils

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Inflammation and tissue damage

Macrophages

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Extracellular killing of infected or altered self
targets
Tissue repair
Antigen presentation for specific immune
response

NK and LAK cells

Killing of virus-infected and altered self targets

Eosinophils

Killing of certain parasites

Cellular Components

a)

The phagocyte recognises and binds the microorganism

b) The microorganism is engulfed by the phagocyte

c)

The microorganism is degraded inside the phagocyte

faal_imun/ikun/2006

19

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

Respon Imun
Tanggapan sistem imun terhadap
konfigurasi asing, setelah terjadi proses
pengenalan oleh sel-sel limfosit.
Berdasarkan mekanisme dan jenis efektor
2 kategori respon imun
Respon imun alami
Respon imun adaptif

Respon Imun Alami

Respon imun alami : respon imun seluler
dan respon imun humoral
Mekanisme bersifat stereotipik dan tidak
spesifik : setiap paparan antigen
berlangsung proses yang sama secara
berulang

Respon Imun Alami

Tubuh terpapar oleh antigen asing
terjadi mobilisasi unsur-unsur fagositik
ketempat konfigurasi asing (respon imun
seluler) menyusul adanya berbagai
jenis kerusakan jaringan respon imun
seluler sistemik : panas, komponen selular
darah

Respon Imun Alami

Respon imun humoral melibatkan
bahan yang secara langsung
menghadapi partikel atau patogen :
sistem komplemen dan interferon

Respon Imun Adaptif

Mekanisme bersifat spesifik : diperlukan
sel khusus untuk menghadapi antigen
Bila respon imun alami dalam upaya
melenyapkan antigen tidak berhasil, maka
dilanjutkan oleh respon imun adaptif sel
fagosit (makrofag) bertindak sebagai APC
dan dikenali oleh sel T dan mengaktivasi
sel B

Respons Imun
1. Respons imun alami nonspesifik
- ada sejak lahir
- tdk memiliki target tertentu
- terjadi dalam beberapa menit
jam Reaksi inflamasi

faal_imun/ikun/2006

30

Respons Imun
2. Respons imun didapat spesifik
- spesifik untuk jenis tertentu
- respons thd paparan pertama
terjadi dalam beberapa hari,
paparan berikutnya lebih cepat

faal_imun/ikun/2006

31

Innate and adaptive immunity

Microbe

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity
B lymphocytes

Epithelial
barriers

Antibodies

T lymphocytes

Effector T cells

Phagocytes

Complement

NK cells

Hours
0

Days
12

Time after infection

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive

Immunity
Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

No time lag

A lag period

Not antigen specific

Antigen specific

Development
of memory

No memory

Infection dan Immunity

infection

immunity

Disease =

Bolus of infection x virulence

immunity

Efek System Immune

Menguntungkan:

Proteksi diri

Eliminasi

Merugikan:

Inflamasi

Reaksi hypersensitivitas atau autoimun