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SENSORS
BY SUBHRANSU
MOHAPATRA
as the sensor head. These two plates are separated by an air gap of
thickness h and form the two terminals of a capacitor.
Typical capacitive sensor construction shows two plates: one connects to
the oscillator (sensor electrodes), and the other is the object being sensed,
which is detected within the electrical field.
A capacitive sensor functions like a typical capacitor. The metal plate in
the end of the sensor electrically connects to the oscillator, and the object
to be sensed acts as the second plate. When this sensor receives power,
the oscillator detects the external capacitance between the target and the
internal sensor plate. This arrangement completes the circuit and provides
the necessary feedback path for the output circuit to evaluate.
Capacitive sensors can detect many different kinds of objects. For example,
solids, liquids, or granular targets are all detectable (including metals,
water, wood, and plastic
Advantage
It is non-contacting and can be used with any target material.
The sensor is extremely rugged and can be subjected to high shock loads
and intense vibratory environments.
Can be used at high temperature.
Sensitivity remains constant over a wide range of temperature
fluctuating current, which by definition has a magnetic component, induces an electromotive force (emf) in a target object.
Theseare best used for metallic target sensing .
An inductive proximity sensor has four elements: coil, oscillator, trigger circuit, and an output. The oscillator is an inductive
capacitive tuned circuit that creates a radio frequency. The electromagnetic field produced by the oscillator is emitted from
the coil away from the face of the sensor. The circuit has just enough feedback from the field to keep the oscillator going.
When a metal target enters the field, eddy currents circulate within the target. This causes a load on the sensor, decreasing
the amplitude of the electromagnetic field. As the target approaches the sensor, the eddy currents increases, increasing the
load on the oscillator and further decreasing the amplitude of the field.
The trigger circuit monitors the oscillators amplitude and at a predetermined level switches the output state of the sensor
from its normal condition (on or off). As the target moves away from the sensor, the oscillators amplitude increases. At a
predetermined level the trigger switches the output state of the sensor back to its normal condition (on or off).
Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors are based on measuring the properties of sound waves with frequency above the human audible
range.
Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18 kHz, by turning
electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be
measured.
Ultrasonic sensors are non-intrusive in that they do not require physical contact with their target, and can detect certain
clear or shiny targets otherwise obscured to some vision-based sensors.
Active ultrasound sensors emit sound waves from quartz-crystal transducers. The waves strike objects within the field of
detection and as long as there are no movement the waves are not disrupted. However, when movement occurs the
sound wave is disrupted and is reflected back to the systems receiver.
Passive sensors operate on the principle of sounds such as breaking glass or metal striking metal to trigger alarms.
These sounds produce waves detected by the sensors that, like the active sensors, relay them to electronic control units
to determine if the sound wave pattern falls within established normal parameters
Through-beam sensors
Through-beam sensors consist of
Retro-reflective sensors
Light emitter and light receiver are
Diffuse sensors
The emitter and receiver are fitted in the same
housing.
The object diffusely reflects a percentage of the
emitted light thereby activating the receiver.
Depending on the design of the receiver, the
output is then switched through (NO) or
switched off (NC).
The switching distance largely depends on the
reflectivity of the object.
The size, surface, shape, density, and colour of
the object as well as the angle of impact
determine the intensity of the diffused light so
that as a rule only small distances within a
range of a few decimeters can be scanned.
PROXIMITY SENSING
TECHNOLOGIES
Common Sensing Technologies
Technology
Inductive
Ultrasonic
Detection
Mode
Metal
Short range
Operates in harsh
Induced electromagnetic
Detects
only
conditions
currents
movement
Rapid response time
Difficult array setups
Advantages
Long range
Measure distance
Reflection or absorption
of light different to Medium range
background
Photoelectric
Solid objects
Capacitive
Objects
capable
of
Permitivity variation
absorbing or creating
background
electric charge
Disadvantages
Cost
Dead zone
No idea of size/shape
Possibility
interference
Cost
of
Pb
in
fog/smoke/nontransparen
t materials
Simple
array
Short range
to construction
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