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Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity
For concrete weighing from 1,500 to 2500 kg/m3
Ec w 0.043 fc'
1.5
c
Ec 4700 fc'
fc = 28 day compressive strength in MPa
Wc = unit weight of concrete in kg/m3
Reinforcing Bars
GRADES AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS
(Non Prestressed)
GRADE
Min.Yeild
Strength
(ksi)
Min.Yeild Min
Strength Tensile
(MPa)
Strength
(ksi)
Min
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
A615
40
60
40
60
276
414
70
90
483
620
A616
50
60
50
60
345
414
80
90
552
620
A617
40
60
40
60
276
414
70
90
483
620
A615
60
60
414
80
552
ASTM
SPECS
75
50
40
20
40
20
15
Minimum
Cover,mm
Wall Panels
32 mm bar and smaller
Other members
20 mm bars through 32 mm bars
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller
20
40
30
15
10
15
10
2.
Basic Assumptions
1. Strain in concrete and the reinforcement shall be assumed
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis ,except, for
deep flexural members with overall depth-to-clear span ratio greater than
2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple span a non linear distribution
of strain shall be considered.
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber
shall
be 0.003
3. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade of
reinforcement used shall be taken Es times steel strain. For strain greater
than corresponding to fy, stress in the reinforcement shall be considered
independent of strain and equal to fy.
4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural
calculations.
Compression Zone
(stress
in concrete)
0.85fc
0.003
NA
a 1c
s (strain of steel)
b
Compression
Zone
ab
C = 0.85fcabb
Strain Diagram
0.003
cb
T = Asbfy
Asb = balance steel area
fy
Es
EQ.1
df y
bd
Let
Asb
pb
bd
then
0.85 fc' ab
pb
df y
cb
0.003
d 0.003 s
cb
ab
Substituting EQ 3 in EQ 2
EQ. 2
fy
200000
ab
600 1
d 600 fy
EQ. 3
Overreinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the beam is overeinforced, the steel will not
yield before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not
noticeable although the compression concrete is highly stressed, and
failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Underreinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the ultimate load is approached , the steel will
begin to yield although the compression concrete is understressed. As the
load is increased, the steel will continue to elongate, resulting into
appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete.
Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
the structure to decrease the load or apply remedial measure.
Beams
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer should be
db( bar diameter) but not less 25 mm.
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers,bars in
the upper layer should be directly placed above bars in the bottom
layer with clear distance between layers not less than 25 mm.
Columns
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
1.5db nor 40 mm.
Walls and Slabs
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary
reinforcement shall be spaced not farther than three times the slab or
wall thickness nor 450 mm.
Solid
One-Way
Slab
Beams or ribbed
one way slab
Simply Supported
L/20
Cantilever
L/24
L/28
L/10
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
L/16
0.85fc
Compression
zone
a
d
C = 0.85fcab
(d a/2)
Mu
As
T = Asfy
Depth of concrete stress block
As f y
0.85 fc' b
Mu = 0.85fcab(d a/2)
Mu = Asfy (d a/2)
Problems
3 ( 25) 2
As
1472.62mm 2
4
A
1472.62
p s
0.013
bd
250( 460)
1.4 1.4
pmin
0.005
fy
276
pb
0.03711
600 f y f y
(600 276)276
As f y
1472.62(276)
a
92.4mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(20.7)250
92.4
0.9(1472.62)276(460
)
a
2 151.37kN .m
M u As f y (d )
2
(10) 6
Wu L2
Mu
8
2
Wu (6)
151.37
8
Wu 33.64kN / m
Wu 1.4WD 1.7WL
460
60
WB 0.25(0.52)23 3kN / m
Total dead load
WD 12 3 15kN / m
250
d min
fy
L
6000
276
(0.4
)
(0.4
) 297.85mm 520mm
16
700
16
700
Figure
2P
2m
2m
2m
350
As
5 (28) 2
As
3078.76mm 2
4
As
3078.76
p
0.0197
446
bd 350(446)
1.4
p min
0.00338
414
1 0.85 0.008( fc '30)
1 0.85 0.008(34.5 30) 0.814
0.03412
600 f y f y
(600 414)414
pmax 0.75 pb 0.75(0.03412) 0.0256 p
As f y
0.85 fc ' b
3078.76(414)
124.18mm
0.85(34.5)350
124.18
0.9(3078.76)414(446
)
a
2
M u As f y (d )
440.4kN .m
6
2
(10)
2P
2m
2m
2m
2.8P
1.4P
11.4 kN/m
2m
2m
2m
R
Maximum Positive Moment
M u R (2) 11.4(2)1
M u (0.7 P 17.1)2 11.4(2)
440.4 1.4 P 17.1(2) 11.4(2)
440.4 11.4(2) 17.1(2)
P
306.43kN
1 .4
Use P =149.14 kN
pb
be
less
0.65
0.85
fcthan
' 1 600
(600 f y ) f y
pmax = 0.75pb
p > pmax
2. Using the stress and strain diagram solve for fs and a.
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
b
0.003
0.85fc
C=0.85fcab
d
d-a/2
Mu
c
NA
d-c
As
T =Asfs
From the stress Diagram :
F =0
C=T
0.85fcab = Asfs
EQ 1
s
d c
0.003
c
substitute
EQ 2
fs
s
200000
in EQ 2, combine with EQ1 to solve for fs and a
a
c
1
3. Determine Mu
Mu = 0.85fcab(d a/2)
Mu = Asfs (d a/2)
Problem:
A rectangular beam has b =300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 of 32 mm,
fc =27.6 MPa,fy =414 MPa. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
6 (32) 2
As
4825.49mm 2
4
300
500
As
As
4825.49
p
0.032
bd 300(500)
1.4
p min
0.00338
414
0.02850
600 f y f y
(600 414)414
pmax 0.75 pb 0.75(0.02850) 0.0214 p
F =0
C=T
0.85fcab = Asfs
0.85(27.6)300a 4825.49 f s
f s 1.46a EQ.1
Tension Steel
does not yield at failure
s
d c
0.003
c
fs
200000(0.003)
fs
600
500
a
0.85
fs
s
200000
a
c
1
500
a
a
0.85
500(0.85) a
fs
0.85
a
600
0.85
425 a
f s 600(
) EQ.2
a
EQ.1 EQ.2
600
1.46a
(425 a )
a
1.46a 2 255000 600a
a 2 410.96a 174657.53 0
410.96 (410.76) 4(174657.53)
a
260.22mm
2
2
260.22
0.9(4825.49)379.94(500
)
a
2
M u As f s (d )
2
(10) 6
M u 610.34kN .m
2.
3.
Solution to #1
(22) 2
As 6
2280.8mm 2
4
As
2280.8
p
0.013
bd 350(500)
pmin
1.4 1.4
0.00338 p
f y 414
a
M u As f y (d )
2
0.85(20.7)0.85(600)
pb
0.02137
(600 414)414
pmax 0.75 pb 0.016 p
Tension steel
Yields at failure
As f y
2280.8(414)
a
153.28
0.85 fc' b 0.85( 20.7)350
0.9(2280.8) 414(500
(10) 6
153.28
)
2
359.78kN .m
Total Dead
WB 23(0.35)(0.57) 4.59kN / m
WD 12 4.59 16.59kN / m
WD L2
PL L
M u 1.4M D 1.7 M L 1.4
1.7
8
4
(16.59)(6) 2
PL (6)
359.78 1.4
1.7
8
4
PL 100.1kN
Solution to #2
(25) 2
As 7
3436.1mm 2
4
A
3436.1
p s
0.024
bd 300(480)
0.85fcab = Asfs
pb
0.85(21)0.85(600)
0.02161
(600 415)415
0.85(21)300a=3436.1fs
fs =1.56a
EQ.1
s
d c
0.003
c
a
d
fs
1
a
(200000)0.003
1
[(0.85)(480) a]
fs
600
a
fs
s
200000
a
c
1
( 1d a )
fs
600
a
244800 600a
fs
a
EQ. 1 = EQ.2
244800 600a
1.56a
a
a 156,923 384.6a
2
EQ 2
a 2 384.6a 156,923 0
384.6 (384.6) 2 4(156923)
a
248.04mm
2
244800 600(248.04)
fs
386.94 MPa f y
248.04
a
M u As f s (d )
2
a
M u As f s (d )
2
0.9(3436.1)386.94( 480
(10) 6
248.04
)
2
425.97 kN .m
PL
3m
15 kN/m
WD L2
M u 1.4 M D 1.7 M L 1.4
1.7 PL L
2
15(3) 2
425.97 1.4
1.7 PL 3
2
PL 65kN
STRESS DIAGRAMS
STRAIN DIAGRAM
0.003
0.85fc
As
Mu
As
C1=0.85fcab
d-a/2
As1
As
d-d
Mu1
T1=As1fy
C2=Asfs c
Mu2
Compression is resisted by As
c-d
d-c
As2
T2=As2fy
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure ( tension steel must yield) thus the
stress in tension steel must always be equal to fy.
steel may be equal to or less than fy. This stress must always be checked.
Maximum permissible tensile steel area NSCP states that for members with compression
reinforcement, the portion of pb equalized by compression reinforcement need not be multiplied by
the 0.75 factor thus
As max
,
f
0.75 pb bd As' s
fy
also
s'
c d'
0.003
c
'
f
s
s'
200000
then
and
a
c
1
'
600
(
a
d
1 )
f s'
a
As2 =As
Mu1 = As1fy(d-a/2)
Mu2 =Asfs(d-d)
If fs=fy
Mu2 =Asfy(d-d)
As1 f y
0.85 fc' b
'
600
(
a
d
'
1 )
f
3. Solve for fs s
a
4.
If
fs fy
Mu1 = As1fy(d-a/2)
Mu2 =Asfy (d-d)
Mu = Mu1 +Mu2
5. Check for yielding of tension steel
As
Problem#1:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam
shown in figure. fc= 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
350 mm
2 of 28 mm
60 mm
600 mm
4 of 36 mm
0.85 fc' b
'
600
(
a
d
)
3. Solve for fs
'
1
fs
a
4. If fs< fy
From the stress diagrams
F = 0 C1 + C2 = T1 + T2
0.85fcab + Asfs = As1fy + As2fy
EQ.A
EQ.B
6. Solve for Mu
Mu1 = 0.85fcab(d-a/2)
Mu2 =Asfs(d-d)
Mu = Mu1 +Mu2
7. Check for yielding of tension steel
'
As max 0.75 pb bd As
As
Problem#2:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam shown in figure. fc= 27.5 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
350 mm
As = 775mm2
63 mm
600 mm
As =3625 mm2
Problem#1:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam
shown in figure. fc= 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
350 mm
2 of 28 mm
Solution to Problem #1
60 mm
600 mm
4 of 36 mm
(36) 2
As 4
4071.5mm 2
4
(28) 2
As' 2
1231.5mm 2
4
As1 f y
2840(345)
a
159.1mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(20.7)350
600(a 1d ' ) 600(159.1 [0.85(60)])
f
407.67 MPa f y
a
159.1
'
s
159.1
2840(345)(600
)
a
2
Mu1 As1 f y (d ) 0.9
458.94kN .m
6
2
10
Mu2 As ' f y (d d ' ) 0.9
1231.5(345)(600 60 )
206.48kN .m
6
10
Solution to #2
As1 f y
2850(345)
a
120.18mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(27.5)350
600(a 1d ' ) 600(120.18 [0.85(63)])
f
332.65MPa f y
a
120.18
'
s
'
600
(
a
d
600(a [0.85(63)])
'
'
1 )
f
fs
s 334.7 MPa f y
a
a
a
Mu1 As1 f y (d )
600(a 53.55)
'
2
fs
EQ.2
121.12
a
0.9( 2850)345)(600
)
EQ.1 EQ.2
600(a 53.55)
1613.7 10.56a
a
1613.7 a 10.56a 2 600a 32130
Mu1
10 6
Mu1 477.36kN .m
0.0365
a
121.12mm b
(600 345)345
2
' fs '
2
A
0
.
75
p
bd
6500
.
6
mm
s max
b
s
600(121.12 53.55)
'
fy
fs
121.12
T BEAMS
Reinforced concrete floor systems, roof ,decks etc. are almost always
monolithic. Forms are built for beam soffits and sides and for the underside of
the slabs, and the entire construction is poured at once. Beam reinforcement and
stirrups extend up into the slab thus part of the slab will act with the upper part of
the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting shape of the beam is
in the form of a T rather than rectangular. Figure below shows the stress and
strain diagrams of a T- beam.
Stress Diagrams
(bf bw)
bf
0.85fc
As
bw
Mu
Cf =0.85fc(bf-bw)
d-t/2
Asf
bw
t
Muf
Tf =Asffy
Strain
Diagram
a
d-a/2
Asw
0.003
0.85fc
Cw=0.85fcabw
Muw
T w =Aswfy
p w max 0.75( p b p f ) p w
Where
As
pw
bw d
pf
Asf
bw d
bf
bf
t
bw
S3
bw
S2
bw
S1
T- BEAMS FORMULAS
M u M uf M uw
As Asf Asw
C f T f
C w Tw
Asf
0.85 fc' (b f bw )t
fy
t
M uf 0.85 fc' (b f bw )t (d )
2
t
M uf Asf fy (d )
2
Asw fy
a
0.85 fc ' bw
M uw
M uw
a
0.85 fc' abw (d )
2
a
Asw f y (d )
2
The compression block of a T- beam can fall either within the flange
only or partly in the web. If it falls within the flange, the rectangular
beam formulas apply, if it falls partly on the web the beam should be
considered as a T- beam .
z
NA
bf
z
NA
As
As
As f y
0.85 fc ' b f
if z < t
if z > t
T-beam
As f y
0.85 fc' b f
z>t
3. Solve for Asf
Asf
0.85 fc' (b f bw )t
fy
As
pw
bw d
pf
Asf
bwd
pw max 0.75( pb p f ) pw
t
M uf 0.85 fc' (b f bw )t (d )
2
t
M uf Asf fy (d )
2
Asw As Asf
a
As f y
0.85 fc' bw
a
M uw 0.85 fc' abw (d )
2
M uw
9. Solve for Mu
a
Asw f y (d )
2
M u M uf M uw
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 2.0 m on centers has a
span of 3.0 m with a slab thickness of 100 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 350 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 5200 mm2. If fc = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
Solution
Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4 = 3000/4 = 750 mm
bf = bw + 16t = 350+16(100) = 1950 mm
bf = center to center spacing of beams = 2000 mm
Use bf = 750 mm
As f y
5200(345)
z
135.94mm 100mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(750)
Analyze as T - beam
Asf
0.85 fc ' (b f bw )t
fy
0.85(20.7)(750 350)100
2040mm 2
345
As
5200
pw
0.0198
bw d 350(750)
Asf
2040
pf
0.0078
b w d 350(750)
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 20.7)0.85(600)
pb
0.0275
(600 f y ) f y
(600 345)345
pw max 0.75( pb p f )
t
M uf Asf fy (d )
2
0.9(2040)345(750
10 6
100
)
2
M uf 443.39kN .m
3160(345)
a
177.03mm 100mm
0.85 fc ' bw 0.85( 20.7)350
177.03
0.9(3160)345(750
)
a
2
M uw Asw f y ( d )
649.03kN .m
6
2
10
M u M uf M uw 443.39 649.03 1092.42kN .m
As f y
0.85 fc' b f
z<t
z=a
3.
Solve for MU
z
M u As f y (d )
2
4. Check for yielding of tension steel
As
p
bd
p max 0.75 pb p
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam has an effective flange width of
1500 mm span, slab thickness of 100 mm, effective depth of 600
mm and the width of the web is 250 mm. The beam is reinforced
with steel of area 4500 mm2. If fc = 20.7 MPa and fy= 345 MPa,
calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
solution
As f y
4500(345)
z
58.8mm 100mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(1500)
Analyze as wide rectangular beam
58.8
0.9(4500)345(600
)
z
2 797.3kN .m
M u As f y (d )
6
2
10
As
4500
p
0.005
bd 1500(600)
0.85 fc' 1 600 0.85( 20.7)0.85(600)
pb
0.0275
(600 f y ) f y
(600 345)345
Plate #2
1.
2.
80 mm
700 mm
As =4820 mm2
Problem
375 mm
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
375 mm
Stress diagram
Ac
375 mm
Strain Diagram
0.003
c
C=0.85fcAc
375 - 2a/3
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
T=Asfy
375 - c
375 mm
Solution
3 (16) 2
As
603.2mm 2
4
0.85(21)Ac =603.2(345)
Ac =11,658.48 mm2
By similar triangles
x
375
x 0.833a EQ.1
a
450
1
1
a 167.3mm
11658
.
48
a (0.833a)
Ac ax
2
2
a 167.3
c
196.82mm
1 0.85
From the strain diagram
fs
375 c
s
200000
0.003
c
fs
375 196.82
(200000)0.003
196.82
f s 543.18MPa f y
2a
M u Asf fy (375 )
3
0.9(603.2)345(375
106
[2]167.3
)
3
49.34kN .m
Problem
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in
figure. Assume fc=20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa
400 mm
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
400 mm
Stress diagram
Ac
400 mm
Strain Diagram
0.003
C=0.85fcAc
400 - 2a/3
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
T=Asfy
400 - c
400 mm
Solution
3 (16) 2
As
603.2mm 2
4
0.85(20.7)Ac =603.2(345)
Ac =11,829.8 mm2
By similar triangles
x
400
x 0.842a EQ.1
a
475
1
1
a 167.63mm
11829
.
8
a (0.842a)
Ac ax
2
2
a 167.63
c
197.21mm
1
0.85
From the strain diagram
fs
375 c
s
200000
0.003
c
fs
400 197.21
(200000)0.003
197.21
f s 616.98MPa f y
2a
M u Asf fy (400 )
3
0.9(603.2)345(400
106
[2]167.63
)
3
53.98kN .m
Beam Deflections
Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive
analysis,immediate deflection shall be computed with the
modulus of elasticity of concrete and with an effective moment
of inertia as follows, but not greater than Ig .
M
M cr
cr
Ie
Ig 1
M a
Ma
fr I g
Where
M cr
yt
3
I cr
f r 0.7
fc '
fc in MPa
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete
n = modular ratio
Es
n
Ec
nAs
To Locate nuetral axis:
Moment of area of Moment of area of
concrete about NA = steel about NA
x2
b
nAs (d x)
2
To determine Icr
bx
I cr
nAs (d x) 2
3
1 50 p '
where p shall be the value of reinforcement ratio for non prestress
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,
and at support for cantilever. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent
factor for sustained load to be equal to
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months
..
..
..
..
2
1.4
1.2
1.0
Problem:
A concrete beam 6 m long is 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep and
carries a dead load of 9 kN/m and live load of 12 kN/m. The beam
is reinforced for tension only with four 25 mm bars with an effective
depth to tension bars of 530 mm. fc = 20.7 MPa , fy = 345 MPa ,
fr = 2.832 MPa, Ec = 20,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa.
Covering of bars is 70 mm.
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to dead load
and live load.
b) Calculate the deflection due to the same loads after five years
assuming that 30% of the live load is sustained.
bh 3 300(600)3
Ig
5400 x106 mm 4
12
12
M cr
fr I g
yt
2.832(5400)10 6
Transformed section
b=300
x
530-x
4 (25) 2
As
1963.2mm 2
4
d=530
As
nAs
Es
200000
10
Ec
20000
x2
b
nAs (d x)
2
x2
b
nAs (d x)
2
x 2 69377 130.9 x
x2
300
10(1963.5)(530 x)
2
x 2 130.9 x 69377 0
bx 3
300(205.96) 3
2
I cr
nAs (d x)
10(1963.5)(530 205.96) 2
3
3
I cr 2,935.38 x106 mm 4
a)
WT L2 (12 9)(6) 2
Ma
94.5kN .m
8
8
M
M cr
cr
I cr
Ie
Ig 1
M a
Ma
3
50.97
50.97
6
6
Ie
5400
x
10
2935
.
38
x
10
94.5
94.5
6
4
3
I e 3,322.1x10 mm
a) Instantaneous deflection
5WT L4
5(21)(6000) 4
3.44mm
6
384 Ec I e 384(20000)3322.1(10)
a)
WT 12 0.3(9) 14.7kN / m
5WT L4
5(14.7)(6000) 4
'
2.41mm
6
384 Ec I e 384(20000)3322.1(10)
2
'
1 50 p 1 50(0)
Stress Diagram
0.85fc
b
Compression
Zone
a
d
Strain Diagram
0.003
C = 0.85fcab
c
d-a/2 Mu
T = Asfy
a
M u As f y (d ) EQ.1
2
fy
Es
As f y
0.85 fc' b
EQ.2
EQ.2 in EQ.1
M u As f y (d
Mu
As f y
bd
As f y
2[0.85 fc ' b]
bd ( d
As f y d
2[0.85 fc' b]d
fy
As
As
Mu
bdf y ( d
d)
bd
bd 2[(0.85 fc ' ]
Let
As
p
bd
and
fy
0.85 fc '
pm
M u pbdf y ( d
d)
2
pm
2
M u bd pf y (1
)
2
pm
)
Let Ru pf y (1
2
M u bd Ru
2
pm
Ru pf y (1
)
2
p 2m
Ru pf y 1
fy
2
Coeffecient of resistance
p 2m
2
{Ru pf y 1
f y}
2
mfy
2
2p
Ru
p2
mf y
m
2p
2
p
Ru 0
m mf y
2
2 Ru
2
2 2
( ) 4
m
m
mf y
2
2mRu
2
2 2
( ) 4 2
m
m
m fy
2
2mRu
2 2
1
m m
fy
2
2mRu
1
p (1 1
)
m
fy
2mRu
2
2 2
( ) [1
]
m
m
fy
2
2mRu
2
[1 1
]
m
fy
2
W ULn2/11
WULn2/14
W ULn2/16
W ULn2/24
W ULn2/16
W ULn/2
Where Ln = the clear span for positive moment or shear and average of
adjacent clear spans for negative moments.
column
column
L1
L2
Shear
1.15wL2
2
wL1
2
2
1
wL
14
1.15wLn
2
wL22
11
Moment
wL12
16
wL2n
9
Ln
L1 L2
2
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with two spans
discontinuous edge integral with support,discontinous end unrestrained
column
column
L1
column
L3
Spandrel beam
L2
Shear
wL1
2
wL12
14
1.15wLn
2
wL22
16
1.15wLn
2
wL3
2
2
wL3
14
Moment
wL12
16
wL
10
L L2
Ln 1
2
2
n
wL2n
10
L2 L3
Ln
2
wL23
24
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with more than
two spans and discontinuous end integral with support
column
L1
column
L3
L2
Shear
wL1
2
wL12
11
1.15wLn
2
wL22
16
1.15wLn
2
wL3
2
2
wL3
11
Moment
wL
10
L L2
Ln 1
2
2
n
wL2n
10
L2 L3
Ln
2
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with more than
two spans and discontinuous end unrestrained
pb
pb
0.032
(600 f y ) f y
(600 300)300
m
5.
Solve for bd
fy
0.85 fc'
Mu
bd
Ru
2
Ru pf y (1
pm
)
2
Problems :
Design a rectangular beam for a 6 m simple span to support a uniform
dead load of 15 kN/m and uniform live load of 24 kN/m applied along its
entire length. fc=20 MPa, fy = 350 MPa,Wc=23.5 kN/m3
WD 15 7.8 22.8kN / m
2
22.8(6)
24(6)
M u 1.4
1.7
327.4kN .m
8
8
0.85(20)0.85(600)
p 0.4 pb 0.4
0.0104
(600 350)350
fy
350
m
20.59
0.85 fc' 0.85(20)
pm
0.0104(20.59)
Ru pf y (1
) 0.0104(350)[1
] 3.25
2
2
Mu
bd
Ru
2
Mu
327.24(10) 6
d
570mm
Ru b
0.9(3.25)350
Trial section
Actual weight
Mu
327.24(10)
Ru
3. 2
2
2
bd
0.9(350)(570)
2mRu
1
p (1 1
)
m
fy
1
2( 20.59)(3.2)
p
(1 1
) 0.102
20.59
350
2
As pbd 0.0102(350)570 2035mm
try 20mmbars
2035
N
7
2
( 20)
Problems :
Design a rectangular beam for a 5 m simple span to support a uniform
dead load of 12 kN/m and uniform live load of 20 kN/m applied along its
entire length. fc=20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,Wc=23.5 kN/m3.
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to support a
service dead load moment of 65 kN.m ( including its weight) and service
live load moment of 80 kN.m. Use p =0.45pb, d/b = 1.5 , fc=20 MPa,
fy = 300 MPa.
A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 3.0 m on centers has a
span of 4.0 m with a slab thickness of 75 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 300 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 4200 mm2. If fc = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
Mu
Ru
bd 2
fy
0.85 fc'
2. Solve for p
1
(1
m
2mRu
)
fy
Problem :
Determine the required tension steel area for a rectangular beam with
b =250 mm, d =330mm, fc =20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. The beam is
required to support a factored moment of 110 kN.m.
Solution
6
Mu
110 (10)
Ru
4.49
2
2
bd
0.90(250)(330)
fy
414
m
23.53
0.85 fc' 0.85(20.7)
p
1
(1
m
1
p
(1
23.53
2mRu
)
fy
Note :
If p > 0.006 no need to
check for pmin
p < 0.02 no need to
check for pmax
As = pbd
As = 0.01276(250)330
As = 1052.7 mm2
2( 23.53) 4.49
1
) 0.01276
414
DL = 12 kN/m
LL =16 kN/m
4m
DL = 15 kN/m
LL = 18 kN/m
DL = 20 kN/m
LL = 24 kN/m
5m
6m
Factored loads
W1 = 1.4(12)+1.7(16)= 44 W2=1.4(15)+1.7(18)= 51.6 W3 = 1.4(20)+1.7(24)=68.8
Design moments by NSCP coeffecients
w1 L12 44(4) 2
MA
44kN .m
16
16
w1 L12 44(4) 2
MB
50.28kN .m
14
14
w2 L2n1
MC
10
45 2
)
2
104.49kN .m
10
51.6(
w2 L22 51.6(5) 2
MD
80.63kN .m
16
16
w3 L2n 2
ME
10
65 2
68.8(
)
2
208.12kN .m
10
w3 L23 68.8(6) 2
MF
176.91kN .m
14
14
w3 L23 68.8(6) 2
MG
157.9kN .m
16
16
Mu =208.12 kN.m
0.0365
(600 f y ) f y
(600 350)350
p 0.5 pb (0.5)0.0365 0.01825
fy
350
m
14.71
0.85 fc' 0.85(28)
pm
Ru pf y (1
)
2
0.01825(14.71)
Ru 0.01825(350)(1
) 5.53MPa
2
Try b = 250 mm
Mu
d
Ru b
pmin
208.12(10) 6
410mm
0.9(5.53)(250)
1.4 1.4
0.004
fy
350
Section A
M u 44kN .m
Mu
44(10) 6
Ru
1.16
2
2
bd
0.9( 250)(410)
1
2mRu
1
2(1.16)14.71
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.0034
m
fy
14.71
350
Use p = 0.004
410( 4)
2 pcs
2
( 20)
Section B
Top bars
M u 50.28kN .m
Mu
50.28(10) 6
Ru
1.32
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
p
1
2mRu
1
2(1.32)14.71
(1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.0034
m
fy
14.71
350
Use p = 0.004
410( 4)
2 pcs
2
( 20)
Section C
bottom bars
M u 104.49kN .m
Mu
104.49(10) 6
Ru
2.74
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
p
1
2mRu
1
2(2.74)14.71
(1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.00834
m
fy
14.71
350
854.86(4)
3 pcs
2
(20)
Section D
top bars
M u 80.63kN .m
Mu
80.63(10) 6
Ru
2.11
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
2mRu
1
1
2(2.11)14.71
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.00632
m
fy
14.71
350
648.06(4)
3 pcs
2
(20)
Section E
bottom bars
M u 208.12kN .m
Mu
208.12(10) 6
Ru
5.44
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
2mRu
1
1
2(5.44)14.71
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.018
m
fy
14.71
350
1845(4)
6 pcs
2
(20)
Section F
Top bars
M u 176.91kN .m
Mu
176.91(10) 6
Ru
4.62
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
2mRu
1
1
2(4.62)14.71
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.0148
m
fy
14.71
350
1517(4)
5 pcs
2
(20)
Section G
bottom bars
M u 157.9kN .m
Mu
157.9(10) 6
Ru
4.12
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(410)
2mRu
1
1
2(4.12)14.71
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.013
m
fy
14.71
350
1332.5(4)
5 pcs
2
(20)
top bars
bh 3 300(600)3
Ig
5400 x106 mm 4
12
12
M cr
fr I g
yt
3.1(5400)10 6
Placement of bars
Requirement
2 of 20
2 of 20
3 of 20
3 of 20
6 of 20
5 of 20
5 of 20
Layout
2 of 20
1 of 20
2 of 20
3 of 20
1 of 20
2 of 20
3 of 20
3 of 20
3 of 20 2 of 20
2 of 20
Section at A and B
250 mm
Section at C
Section at D
250 mm
250 mm
500 mm
500 mm
Section at F
Section at E
250 mm
Section at G
250 mm
500 mm
500 mm
250 mm
500 mm
500 mm
DL = 9 kN/m
LL =12 kN/m
DL = 12 kN/m
LL = 14 kN/m
3.6 m
4.0 m
DL = 15kN/m
LL = 18 kN/m
4.5 m
Problem
Design the uniform size and reinforcements at critical section of
the continuous beam shown above. fc= 20 MPa, fy = 300 MPa.
Given dead loads includes the weight of the beam.
Mu
Ru
bd 2
2. Solve for p
2mRu
1
p (1 1
)
m
fy
p max 0.75 pb
9. Solve for fs
As1 p max bd
'
600
(
a
d
'
1 )
fs
a
5. Solve for a
a
6. Solve for Mu1
As1 f y
0.85 fc' b
a
M u1 As1 f y (d )
2
M u 2 M u M u1
8. Solve for As2
M u2
As 2
f y (d d ' )
Case 1
If fs fy then fs = fy
( compression steel yields at failure)
As' As 2
Case 2
If fs < fy then use fs
( compression steel does not yield at failure)
A
'
s
As 2 f y
f s'
As As1 As 2
Problem:
Design the reinforcement of a rectangular beam to carry a factored
moment of 272 kN.m. The beam width is 250 mm,effective depth
400mm. Use fc = 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, d =60 mm.
Solution
Mu
272(10) 6
Ru
7.55
2
2
bd
0.9(250)(400)
fy
345
m
19.61
0.85 fc ' 0.85( 20.7)
1
2(19.61)7.55
p
(1 1
) 0.0317
19.61
345
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600)
pb
0.0275
(600 f y ) f y
(600 345)345
pmax 0.75(0.0275) 0.0206
p > pmax compression reinforcement is necessary
161.57mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(20.7)250
161.57
0.9(2060)345(400
)
a
2
M u1 As1 f y (d )
204.18kN .m
6
2
10
642.42mm 2
f y (d d ' ) 0.9(345)(400 60)
600(a 1d ' ) 600(161.57 [0.85(60)])
f
410.6MPa
a
161.57
'
s
As' As 2 642.42mm 2
Compression
Steel yields
at failure
Plate # 5 :
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE :DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Design the reinforcement of a rectangular beam to resist a dead load
moment of 200 kN.m(including its own weight) and a live load
moment of 300 kN.m . The beam is limited in size to 350 mm by
600mm overall depth. Steel covering ( from centroid of bars to
outermost fiber is 100 mm for both tension and compression
reinforcement. Use fc = 27.5 MPa, fy = 414 MPa
Asf
3. Solve for Muf
M uf
0.85 fc' (b f bw )t
fy
t
Asf fy (d )
2
M uw M u M uf
5. Solve for a
a
M uw 0.85 fc' abw (d )
2
6. Solve for Asw
0.85 fc' abw
Asw
fy
7. Solve for As
As Asf Asw
As
pw
bw d
pf
Asf
bwd
pw max 0.75( pb p f ) pw
Asf
M uf
0.85 fc ' (b f bw )t
fy
0.85(20.7)(550 300)110
1402.5mm 2
345
110
0.9(1402.5)345(600
)
t
2 237.33kN .m
Asf fy (d )
2
106
a
M uw 0.85 fc' abw (d )
2
a
512.67(10) 6 (0.9)0.85( 20.7)300a (600 )
2
a2
107915.8 600a
2
a 2 1200a 215831.6 0
1200 (1200) 2 4( 215831.6)
a
220.3mm 110 mm
2
0.85 fc ' abw 0.85(20.7)220.3(300)
Asw
3370.6mm 2
fy
345
As
4773.1
pw
0.0265
bw d 300(600)
Asf
1402.5
pf
0.008
b w d 300(600)
0.85 fc' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600)
pb
0.0275
(600 f y ) f y
(600 345)345
Asf
0.85 fc' (b f bw )t
fy
M uf
t
Asf fy (d )
2
a
M u 0.85 fc' ab f (d )
2
5. Solve for As
As
0.85 fc ' b f a
fy
As
p
bf d
p max 0.75 pb p
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T-beam with bf = 810 mm, d = 300 mm,
bw = 200 mm , t = 100 mm, fc=20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa is to be
designed to carry an ultimate moment of 221 kN.m Determine the
required steel area.
solution
Asf
M uf
0.85 fc ' (b f bw )t
fy
0.85(20.7)(810 200)100
2683.2mm 2
414
100
0.9(2683.2)414(300
)
t
2 249.9kN .m
Asf fy (d )
2
10 6
a
M u 0.85 fc' ab f (d )
2
a
221(10) 0.9 0.85(20.7)810a(300 )
2
2
a
17229.6 300a
2
2
a 600a 34459.2 0
6
2214.5mm 2
fy
414
As
2214.5
p
0.0091
b f d 810(300)
0.85(20.7)0.85 600
pb
0.0213
(600 414)414
Reinforced concrete slab are large flat plates that are supported at its
sides by reinforced concrete beams, walls, column, steel beams or by
the ground. If the slabs are supported on opposite sides only they are
called one way slab since bending will occur on one direction only.
A one way slab is considered as a wide & shallow rectangular beam.
Reinforcing steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way
slabs are analyzed by considering a one meter strip, which is assumed
independent of the adjacent strips.
Maximum spacing of reinforcement
Flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times
the slab thickness nor 450 mm.
Minimum size of flexural reinforcement = 12 mm
Mu
Ru
bd 2
fy
0.85 fc '
1
2mRu
p (1 1
)
m
fy
p > pmin
5. Solve for As
As = pbd
6. Solve for the spacing of bars
a)S
A1
S 1000
As
A1
1000
8. Solve for the spacing of temperature bars St
At
where : A1 = area of 1 temperature bar ( minimum of 10mm dia.)
Use the smallest of the following
a) St
b) 5t
c)450 mm
Problem:
Design a one way slab having a simple span of 3.0 m. The slab is to
carry a uniform dead load of 2.5 KPa and uniform live load of 4.2 kPa.
fc = 27.6 MPa , fy = 276 MPa for main bars and temperature bars.
Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3
Solution
Slab thickness
fy
L
t
(0.4
)
20
700
3000
276
t
(0.4
) 120mm 75mm
20
700
Ws 23.5(1)0.12 2.82kN / m
Total dead load
L2 14.59(3) 2
M u Wu
16.41kN .m
8
8
Effective depth assuming 12 mm bar
1
12
d t 20 120 20 94mm
2
2
Mu
14.59(10) 6
Ru
1.8346 MPa
2
2
bd
0.9(1000)(94)
m
fy
0.85 fc'
276
11.76
0.85(27.6)
1
2(11.76)(1.8346)
(1 1
) 0.00693
11.76
276
pmin
1.4 1.4
0.00507
f y 276
(12) 2
A
4 (1000) 173.6 say170mm 3t 360mm
S 1 1000
As
651.42
Temperature bars
(10) 2
A1
4 (1000) 327 say 320mm 5t 600mm
S t 1000
At
240
120 mm
Problem:
Design a 4 m long one way slab with one end discontinuous as shown
in
the figure . The slab is to carry a uniform dead load of 3.6 KPa
and uniform live load of 4.0 kPa. fc = 20.7 MPa , fy = 415 MPa for
main bars and fy = 276 MPa for temperature bars.
Concrete
weighs 22.56 kN/m3.
column
column
column
4m
4m
L
4000
166.67 say170mm
24
24
Ws 22.56(1)0.17 3.83kN / m
Total dead load
1
12
d t 20 170 20
144mm
2
2
Design Moments
L2 17.2(4) 2
M A Wu
17.2kN .m
16
16
L2 17.2(4) 2
M B Wu
19.66kN .m
14
14
17.2(10) 6
Ru
0.92 MPa
2
0.9(1000)(144)
19.66(10) 6
Ru
1.05MPa
2
0.9(1000)(144)
30.58(10) 6
L2 17.2(4) 2
1.635MPa
M C Wu
30.58kN .m Ru
2
0.9(1000)(144)
9
9
fy
415
m
23.58
0.85 fc' 0.85(20.7)
pmin
1.4 1.4
0.00337
f y 415
1
2(23.58)(0.92)
pA
(1 1
) 0.00228use0.00337
23.58
415
1
2(23.58)(1.05)
pB
(1 1
) 0.00261use0.00337
23.58
415
pC
1
2(23.58)(1.635)
(1 1
) 0.00415
23.58
415
(12) 2
A1
4 (1000) 233say 230mm 450mm
S
1000
As
485.28
(12) 2
A
4 (1000) 189 say180mm 450mm
S 1 1000
As
597.6
Temperature bars
(10) 2
A1
4 (1000) 230.9 say 230mm 450mm
S t 1000
At
340
170mm
Design a 4.5 m long one way slab with one end discontinuous as shown
in
the figure . The slab is to carry a uniform dead load of 4.2 KPa
and uniform live load of 4.5 kPa. fc = 20.7 MPa , fy = 345 MPa for
main bars and fy = 276 MPa for temperature bars. Concrete weighs
23.5 kN/m3. Draw layout of bars.
column
4.5m
column
4.5m
column
Prelim Exam
A rectangular beam has b =300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 of 32 mm,
fc =27.6 MPa,fy =414 MPa. If the beam is simply supported on a span of 6 m,
determine the concentrated live load that could be applied at the third points on
the beam if steel covering is 80 mm and concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3.
A doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam has b =350 mm,d =600mm,
fc=27.5 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, As =3625 mm2, As = 775mm2 ,covering for tension
and compression bars 80 mm and 63 mm respectively. If the beam is an interior
span of a three span continuous beam supporting a service dead load of 20 kN/m
(weight included) determine the maximum uniformly distributed live load it can
support on an average clear span of 5.0 m. Use NSCP moment coeffecients.
400 mm
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
400 mm
Solution to #2
As1 f y
2850(345)
a
120.18mm
0.85 fc' b 0.85(27.5)350
600(a 1d ' ) 600(120.18 [0.85(63)])
f
332.65MPa f y
a
120.18
'
s
'
600
(
a
d
600(a [0.85(63)])
'
'
1 )
f
fs
s 334.7 MPa f y
a
a
a
Mu1 As1 f y (d )
600(a 53.55)
'
2
fs
EQ.2
121.12
a
0.9( 2850)345)(600
)
EQ.1 EQ.2
600(a 53.55)
1613.7 10.56a
a
1613.7 a 10.56a 2 600a 32130
Mu1
10 6
Mu1 477.36kN .m
0.0365
a
121.12mm b
(600 345)345
2
' fs '
2
A
0
.
75
p
bd
6500
.
6
mm
s max
b
s
600(121.12 53.55)
'
fy
fs
121.12
#1
p=0.03217
pmax = 0.021 tension steel does not yield at failure
a = 260.22 mm
fs =379.92 MPa
Mu = 610.31 kN.m
WD = 4.1 kN/m
P = 171.9 kN
#2
a = 121.12 mm compression steel does not yield at failure
fs=334.7 MPa
Mu = 602.72 kN.m
WL = 125.34 kN.m
0.003
a
Ac
400mm
C=0.85fcAc
375 - 2a/3
3 of 16 mm
75 mm
T=Asfy
375 - c
400 mm
Solution
3 (16) 2
As
603.2mm 2
4
0.85(20.7)Ac =603.2(345)
Ac =11,827.45 mm2
By similar triangles
x
400
x 0.842a EQ.1
a
475
1
1
a 167.6mm
11827
.
45
a (0.842a)
Ac ax
2
2
a 167.6
c
197.17 mm
1 0.85
From the strain diagram
fs
400 c
s
2000000
0.003
c
fs
400 197.17
(200000)0.003
197.17
f s 617.22MPa f y
2a
M u As f y (375 )
3
0.9(603.2)345(400
10 6
[2]167.6
)
3
53.91kN .m
Vu Vn
where:
V n Vc V s
Vc = shear carried by concrete
Vs = shear carried by the stirrups
Vu = factored shear strength
1
Vc
6
fc'bw d
Vc
Vu d
fc' 120 p w
Mu
where :
bw d 0.3 fc'bw d
Vu d
1. 0
Mu
Vu
Where:
bw S
Av
3fy
Av =cross sectional area of the stirrups
taken twice for u-shaped stirrups
Av f y d
2
Vs
S
3
fc'bw d
Vs
Av f y d (sin cos )
S
fc 'bw d
Vs
Vu
Vc
Problems:
Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular
beam to satisfy the condition that web reinforcement be neglected
Vu = 72 kN,fc =27.6MPa. Assume d = 1.6b.
Vu
Vu
Vu
Vc
2
fc 'bd
( 6) 2
72000(12)
0.86 27.6 (1.6)
b 350mm
d (1.6)350 560mm
fc 'b(1.6b)
(6) 2
1
Vc
6
fc'bw d
1
Vc
21(270)500 103,108 N
6
Vc 0.85(103108)
43821N
2
2
a)
b)
Vc
Stirrups not necessary
Vu 42000 N
2
Vu 92000 N
Vu
Vs
Vc
92000
Vs
103108 5127.3N
0.85
2 (10) 2
Av
157.1mm 2
4
S
Av f y d
Vs
157.1(276)500
4228.3mm
5127.3
1
1
fc 'bw d
21(270)(500) 206216 N
3
3
1
Vs
fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S
250mm Use S = 250 mm
2
2
c)
Vu 236000 N
Vu
Vs
Vc
236000
Vs
103108 174539 N
0.85
Av f y d
Vs
157.1( 276)500
124mmsay120mm
174539
1
fc 'bw d 206216 N
3
1
Vs
fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S
250mm
2
2
2
3
fc 'bw d 412432 N
2
Vs
3
Use S = 120 mm
d)
fc 'bw d
Vu 473000 N
Vu
Vs
Vc
473000
Vs
103108 453362.5 N
0.85
1
fc 'bw d 206216 N
3
1
Vc
6
fc'bw d
Vc
Vu
2
Vc
Vu
2
provide stirrups
Vc
Vu
2
Assuming that
Vu
V s Vc
Note: if
2
Vs
3
fc'bw d
Av f y d
S
Vs
Calculate
1
3
fc 'bw d
b)
S = d/2
when
c)
S = d/4
when
1
fc'bwd
3
1
Vs
fc'bw d
3
Vs
Av
bw S
3fy
Problem:
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam 230 mm wide with an effective
depth of 500 mm has a span of 6m. The beam carries a dead load of 9
kN/m ( including its own weight) and live load of 18 kN/m applied throughtout
its entire span. Determine the required spacing of 10 mm stirrups. fc = 28
MPa ,fy= 345 MPa.
1
Vc
6
1
fc'bw d
28 (230)500 101420 N
6
Wu =1.4(9)+1.7(18)=43.2 kN/m
wu
6m
R
R =Wu(3)=43.2(3)=129.6kN
43.2 kN/m
Shear force at crtical section
VU
Vu = 129.6-0.5(43.2)=108kN =108000N
0.5
R=129.6kN
Vc
Vc 0.85(101420)
Vu
43103.5 N
2
2
2
Vu
108000
Vs
Vc
101420
0.85
2 (10) 2
2
A
157
.
1
mm
Vs 25639 N
v
4
S
Av f y d
Vs
157.1(345)500
1056mm
25639
1
fc 'bw d 202840 N
3
1
Vs
fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S
250mm
2
2
Use
S 250mm
bw S
Av
3fy
230(250)
Av
55.56mm 2 157.1mm 2
3(345)
Use 10 mm u shaped stirrups spaced at 250 mm on centers
PLATE # 7 : SHEAR
Problem :
Design a rectangular beam for a 6 m simple span to support a
uniform dead load of 18 kN/m(weight included) and uniform live load
of 12 kN/m applied along its entire length. fc=20 MPa, fy = 345 MPa
for main bars and stirrups,Wc=23.5 kN/m3 ,p=0.6pmax Consider
immediate deflection due to live load only with an allowable of 1/360 of
span length. fr=3.1 MPa n=10,Ec=20000 MPa. Use 100 mm covering.
Solution
205.2kN .m
8
8
0.02659
(600 f y ) f y
(600 345)345
p (0.6)(0.75 pb ) 0.6(0.75)0.02659 0.012
fy
345
m
20.29
0.85 fc' 0.85(20)
Ru pf y (1
pm
0.012[20.29]
) 0.012(345)(1
) 3.635MPa
2
2
Try b = 250 mm
Mu
202.5(10) 6
d
500mm
Ru b
0.9(3.635)250
Mu
202.5(10) 6
Ru
3 .6
2
2
bd
0.9( 250)(500)
1
2mRu
1
2(20.29)3.6
p (1 1
)
(1 1
) 0.01186
m
fy
20.29
345
1
Vc
6
1
fc'bw d
20 (250)500 93169 N
6
R =Wu(3)=45.6(3)=136.8kN
wu
6m
R
45.6 kN/m
Shear force at critical section
VU
0.5
R=136.8
Vc
Vc 0.85(93169)
Vu
39596.8 N
2
2
2
Vu
114000
Vs
Vc
93169
0.85
Vs 40949 N
Using 10 mm u shape stirrups
2 (10) 2
Av
157.1mm 2
4
1
3
Av f y d
Vs
157.1(345)500
661mm
40949
fc 'bw d 186338 N
d 500
S
250mm
2
2
Use
S 250mm
bw S
Av
3fy
230(250)
Av
55.56mm 2 157.1mm 2
3(345)
bh 3 250(600) 3
Ig
4500 x106 mm 4
12
12
M cr
fr I g
yt
3.1(4500)10 6
Transformed section
b=250
x
d=500
500-x
As
nAs
100
5 (20) 2
As
1570mm 2
4
x2
b
nAs (d x)
2
x 2 62800 125.6 x
x2
250
10(1570)(500 x)
2
x 2 125.6 x 62800 0
I cr 2,078.3x106 mm 4
a)
WL L2 (12)(6) 2
Ma
54kN .m
8
8
M
M cr
cr
I cr
Ie
Ig 1
M a
Ma
3
46.5
46.5
6
6
Ie
4500
x
10
2078
.
3
x
10
54
54
3
I e 3,624.6 x106 mm 4
5WL L4
5(12)(6000) 4
2.79mm
6
384 Ec I e 384(20000)3624.6(10)
allowable deflection due to live load
allowable
L
6000
16.67mm 2.79mm 3
360 360
Section is adequate
2
d b Ld d b f y
4
fy
Ld
db
4
: = average bond stress
db
F
Ld
F = 0
F=T
T = Abfy
Where
Ld = minimum development length
Ldb
0.02 Ab f y
fc '
For 36 mm bar
Ldb
25 f y
fc '
Ldb
3d b f y
Where
Ldb = basic development length ( mm)
Ab = area of one bar (mm2)
db = diameter of one bar (mm)
fc,fy in MPa
fc '
Ldb
0.24d b f y
fc'
Modification
Factor,m
a) For bars in beams or column with a minimum cover not less than specified by the code
1.0
b)
1.0
For bars in beams or column with transverse reinforcement satisfying the requirement of the code
c) Bars in beams or column with a clear spacing not less than 3db
1.0
d) Bar in the inner layer of slab or wall reinforcement and with a clear spacing not less than 3db
1.0
e) Any bars with cover of not less than 2db and with a clear
1.0
f) For bars with cover of db or less with a clear spacing of 2db or less
2.0
1.4
h) For 32 mm bar and smaller with clear spacing not less than 5db and with cover from face of the
member to edge bar, measured in the plane of the bar, not less than 2.5db, the factors from items
a to g may be multiplied by 0.8
0.8
i) Top reinforcement
1.3
fc1.3
'
1.8 f ct
1.8
As required
As provided
Modification
Factor,m
As required
a)
As provided
0.75
Problems
A rectangular beam 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep is reinforced with 3
of 22 mm tension top bars with fc = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
Calculate the required development length.
Solution
Ldb
Ldb
0.02 Ab f y
fc '
0.02
( 22) 2
4
20.7
275
460mm
Ldb 0.06d b f y
Ldb 0.06( 22)(275) 363mm
Use
Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3
Required development length
Ldb 460mm
Ldb
Ldb
Modification Factor
Lightweight concrete
With specified fct
0.02 Ab f y
fc '
0.02
( 25) 2
4
27
345
652mm
Ldb 0.06d b f y
Ldb 0.06( 25)(345) 518mm
Use
Ldb 652mm
fc'
27
1.00
1.8 f ct 1.8(2.88)
Ld 1.0 Ldb
Ld 1.0(652)
Ld 652mm
Ldb
Ldb
25 f y
fc '
25(345)
27
1660mm
Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3
Required development length
Ldb
0.24d b f y
fc'
0.24(20)275
Ldb
254mm
20.7
Ldb 0.04d b f y
Ldb 0.04( 20)(275) 220mm
Use
Ldb 254mm
Ld 254mm
Mn
Ld
la
Vu
Where:
Mn = nominal moment strength assuming that all reinforcement
at section are stressed to specified yield strength f y
Vu = factored shear force at supports for simple beams and at
points of inflection for continuous beams
Mn
Ld 1.3
l a
Vu
When
Where:
Mn
Ld 1.3
la
Vu
or
a
M n As f y (d )
2
Mn
Ld
la
Vu
a
As f y
0.85 fc' b
Max Ld
la
1.3Mn/Vu
VU
Max Ld
tension bars
Mn/Vu
la
Max Ld
la is the larger
Value of d or 12db
la
Mn/Vu
tension bars
150 mm min
CL
Point of inflection
Point of inflection
Ln1/4
0.3 Ln1
Ln1/8
150 mm min
0.3 Ln2
Ln1/8
Ln1
150 mm min
Ln2/8
Ln2
Hooks
If sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars by running
them straight for the required development length as required by the
code, hooks maybe used.
12db
r
db
r
90 hook
4db
1800 hook
STANDARD HOOKS
Ldb
65 mm min
12db
4db
l hb
100d b
fc '
Modification Factors
1. If the reinforcing bar has an fy other 415 MPa, lhb is to be multiplied by fy/415
2. When 900 hooks and 32 mm or smaller bar are used and when 60 mm or
more of side cover normal to the hook is present, together with at least 50 mm
cover for the bar extension, lhb is to be multiplied by 0.7.
3. When hooks made of 32 mm and smaller are enclosed vertically and
horizontally within ties or stirrups ties spaced no farther apart than 3db, lhb is to be
multiplied by 0.8
4. Where the amount of flexural reinforcement exceeds the theoretical amount
required and where the specifications being used do not specifically require that
development lengths be based on fy the value of lhb is to be multiplied by
Asrequired/As provided.
5. When light weight concrete are used, apply a modification factor of 1.3
6. For bars being developed by standard hook at discontinuous end with side
cover and top or bottom cover over hook less than 60 mm,hooked bar shall be
enclosed within ties or stirrups spaced along the full development length ldh not
greater than 3db where db is the diameter of hooked bar. For this case, the
factor mentioned in item 3 shall not apply.
Splices of Reinforcement
Splicing maybe done by welding, by mechanical connections or most
frequently by lapping bars. Lapped bars are usually tied in contact.
Lap splice must not be used for bars larger than 32 mm.
Splices in tension
The minimum length of lap for tension lap splice shall be as required for
class A or class B, but shall not be less than 300 mm, where
Class A splice
1.0Ld
Class B splice
1.3Ld
Lap splices of deformed bars and wires in tension shall be class B splice
except that class A splice are allowed when
the area of the reinforcement provided is at least twice than that
required by analysis.
One half or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required
lap strength.
Splices of deformed bars in compression
Compression bars maybe spliced by lapping,end bearing, welding or
mechanical devices. The minimum length of such bars should be the
development length Ld but may not be less than 0.07d bfy for fy of 415
MPa or less, or (0.13fy -24)db for fy greater than 415 MPa.
Problems
A simply supported beam is reinforced with three of 28 mm
bars with fc= 27.6 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Assuming that side, bottom and top
cover to be greater than 60 mm, determine the following:
a) the required development length if a 900 hook is used
b) the required development length if a 1800 hook is used
Solution
l hb
lhb
ldh
ldh
100d b
fc'
100(28)
533mm
27.6
fy
415
275
0.6626
415
ldh
Solution
Using a 1800 hook
l hb
lhb
100d b
fc'
100(28)
533mm
27.6
fy
415
275
0.6626
415
Problem
For the simply supported beam shown in figure below, investigate whether the
bars size is satisfactory for the required development length. The beam is
reinforced with 4 of 25 mm bars . fc = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, Vu = 270 kN.
The beam is made up of normal sand concrete and the reaction produces
compression on concrete.
300mm
600 mm
Ldb 0.06d b f y
Solution
175 mm
Basic development length
Ldb
Ldb
0.02 Ab f y
0.02
fc '
( 25) 2
4
20.7
Ldb 894mm
414
894mm
Ld 894mm
As f y
425.14 x106
1.3
175 2221.2mm
270(1000)
0.85 fc' b
(25) 2
4
414
4
a
154mm
0.85(20.7)300
a
M n As f y (d )
2
(25) 2
154
Mn 4
414(600
)
4
2
M n 425.14 x106 N .mm
Mn
1.3
la
Vu
894mm 2221.2mm
Mn
Ld 1.3
la
Vu
bars are adequate
A rectangular beam has b = 380 mm and d = 500 mm. The beam is simply
supported over a length of 6 m measured from the center of the support and is
reinforced for tension with 6 of 25 mm diameter bars. Assuming fc = 21 MPa,
fy = 276 MPa, draw the details of the bar showing the cut off points of each bar.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its length and is made up
of normal sand- gravel concrete. The reactions at the ends produces compression
on concrete. Maximum value of la is 150 mm. Vu = 210 kN at support.
Ldb 0.06d b f y
Solution
Basic development length
Ldb
Ldb
0.02 Ab f y
0.02
fc '
( 25) 2
4
21
Ldb 591mm
276
591mm
Ld 591mm
2 of 25
L2
CL
x2
x1
3m
y
2y 3
3
Parabolic
Moment
diagram
2y
x12
3
32
y
x1 2.45m
y
x22 3
2
3
y
x2 1.73m
Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist
flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of member or 12db whichever is greater
12(25) 300mm
d 500mm
The code stipulates that at least one third the positive reinforcement (2 bars) in
simple members shall extend along the same face in the member into the supports
For the last two bars the code requires that the be bars be limited to a diameter so that
Ld 1.3
Mn
l a
Vu
2 (25) 2
AS
981.75mm 2
4
As f y
a
0.85 fc ' b
981.75(276)
a
40mm
0.85(21)380
a
M n As f y (d )
2
130.1x106
1.3
150 955mm Ld
210(1000)
40
M n 981.75(276)(500 )
2
M n 130.1x106 N .mm
2230
2950
2230
2950
3150
3150
DETAILS
Problem
Figure shows the first interior support of a continuous beam reinforced with 6 of 25
mm bars to resist a negative moment of 496 kN.m for which the calculated steel area
required is 2600 mm2. Determine and draw the details of the lengths of the bars
required if normal gravel-sand concrete is used. fy =414 MPa ,fc = 20.7 MPa,
b = 350mm,d= 600 mm.
7m
10 m
2.4 m
2.1 m
350mm 320mm
Mu for 4 bars
point of inflection
496 kN.m
point of inflection
7m
10 m
Bar 3
Bar 2 Bar 1
Ld1
L1
Ld2
L2
L3
L4
2.4 m
2.1 m
Mu for 2 bars
350mm 320mm
Mu for 4 bars
point of inflection
496 kN.m
(Mu for 6 bars)
point of inflection
Solution
Basic development length
Ldb
Ldb
0.02 Ab f y
0.02
Ldb 0.06d b f y
fc'
( 25) 2
4
20.7
For bar 1
At least one third of the total negative reinforcement should have an embedment
length beyond the point of inflection not less than the effective depth of the
member or 12 db or 1/16 of the clear span whichever is greatest.
1/3 of 6 = 2 bars
12db = 12(25)=300 mm
d=600 mm
1/16 of 7000=438 mm
1/16 of 10000=625mm
7m span
10m span
For bar 2
As provided
2945.24
Asrequired 2600mm 2
Asrequired
As provided
2600
0.88
2945.24
450 mm
Figure shows the first interior support of a continuous beam reinforced with 6 of 25
mm bars to resist a negative moment of 450 kN.m for which the calculated steel area
required is 2400 mm2. Determine and draw the details of the lengths of the bars
required if normal gravel-sand concrete is used. fy =414 MPa ,fc = 20.7 MPa,
b = 350mm,d= 600 mm.
6m
9m
2.5 m
2.0 m
330mm 300mm
point of inflection
450 kN.m
point of inflection
4a s ( Dc d b )
ps
SDc2
Where:
Dc = diameter of the concrete core
as = cross sectional area of the spiral
S = spacing of the spirals
db = diameter of main bars
4. The minimum spiral percentage is given by
p s min
Ag
0.45 fc' ( 1)
Ac
fy
D
A
4
2
c
DC D
Clear cover ( min. of 40 mm)
Dc = D 2 ( clear cover )
Problems
A square tied column 350 mm by 350 mm is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm
bars with fc = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) spacing of 10 mm lateral ties
Solution
(25) 2
Pu =0.80{0.85fc(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ast 6
2945.25mm 2
4
0.7(0.80){0.85(20.7)[(350)(350) 2945.25] 2945.25(345)}
Pu
1747 kN
1000
Spacing of 10 mm ties
S 16(25) 400mm
S 48(10) 480mm
S 350mm
Use S = 350 mm
Problems
Solution
Pu =0.85{0.85fc(Ag-Ast) + Astfy}
(25) 2
Ast 8
3927 mm 2
4
( 400) 2
Ag
125664mm 2
4
0.75(0.85){0.85(20.7)[(125664 3927] 3927(345)}
Pu
2229.2kN
1000
Dc2 (320) 2
Ac
80425mm 2
4
4
0.45 fc' (
ps
fy
Ag
Ac
1)
125664
0.45(20.7)(
1)
80425
0.0152
345
Ds2 (10) 2
As
78.54mm 2
4
4
4as ( Dc d b ) 4(78.54)(320 25)
S
Ec I g
r
5
E c Ag
5
Es I t
E s At
t
Dc D
Concrete
Core
t min D
fy
8Es
Concrete
Core
b2
t1
b1
t1min b1
fy
3E s
and
t 2 min b2
fy
3E s
Calculate the maximum axial load that the concrete-filled pipe shown can
resist. fc = 25 MPa, Fy =248 MPa for steel pipe. Check if the section
complies with the code.
10 mm
Concrete
core
300 mm
[(300) 2 (280) 2 ]
Ap
9111mm 2
4
[(280) 2 ]
Ac
61575mm 2
4
t min
fy
248
D
300
3.74mm 10mm
8Es
8(200000)
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below. fc = 21 MPa, Fy = 248 MPa
500 mm
Properties of W 14 x 210
Area = 40000 mm2
Depth = 400 mm
500 mm
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc=21 MPa, Fy=248 MPa,fy =276MPa.
Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of 20 mm diameter bars.
500 mm
500 mm
Properties of W 14 x 210
Area = 40000 mm2
Depth = 400 mm
8 [(20) 2 ]
As
2513mm 2
4
W14 x 210
Pu
Ag
(0.7)0.8 0.85 fc ' (1 p g ) p g f y
4. Solve for Ast
Ast = pgAg
5. Using adjusted values of column size and Ast, check
column capacity (optional)
Pu =0.80{0.85fc(Ag-Ast) + Astfy}
6. Assume size ot ties and solve for the spacing
Use the smallest value from the ff:
16 times longitudinal bar diameter
Problem:
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load
of 600 kN and axial live load of 750 kN. fc =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
Pu
Ag
(0.7)0.8 0.85 fc ' (1 p g ) p g f y
2115(1000)
Ag
156435mm 2
(0.7)0.8 0.85( 20.7)(1 0.02) 0.02(345)
t
Ag 156435 395mm
As p g Ag 0.02(156435) 3128mm 2
Using 20 mm bars
No.
3128( 4)
10 pcs
2
( 20)
Use S = 320 mm
Pu
Ag
(0.75)0.85 0.85 fc' (1 p g ) p g f y
Ast = pgAg
5. Using adjusted values of column size and Ast, check
column capacity (optional)
Pu =0.85{0.85fc(Ag-Ast) + Astfy}
6. Solve for the diameter of the concrete core
Dc = D 2 ( clear cover)
7. Solve for the spiral percentage
0.45 fc ' ( Ag Ac )
ps
fy
4as ( Dc d b )
S
Ps Dc2
where: S 25 mm, S 75 mm
Problem:
Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 600 kN and axial
live load of 750 kN. fc =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
Pu
Ag
(0.75)0.85 0.85 fc ' (1 p g ) p g f y
2115(1000)
Ag
137427 mm 2
(0.75)0.85 0.85(20.7)(1 0.02) 0.02(345)
D 2
137427 mm 2
4
D 420mm
Using 25 mm bars
2749(4)
6
2
(25)
40
Dc2 (340) 2
Ac
90792mm 2
4
4
0.45 fc' (
ps
fy
Ag
Ac
1)
420
40
10 mm spirals at
65 mm pitch
137427
0.45(20.7)(
1)
90792
0.014
345
Using 10 mm spirals
Ds2 (10) 2
As
78.54mm 2
4
4
350 mm
12mm
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc=25 MPa, Fy=248 MPa,fy =345MPa. Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of
20 mm diameter bars.
450 mm
450 mm
Properties of W 12 x 150
Area = 30000 mm2
Depth = 300 mm
W12 x 150
Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 450 kN and axial live
load of 600 kN. fc =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa. Use pg =0.025 and 10 mm spirals
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 450 kN and axial
live load of 600 kN. fc =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa. Use pg =0.03 and 10 mm ties.
All columns are subject to axial force and bending and they must be
proportioned to resist these forces. Eccentricities of 0.10h for tied
column and 0.05h for spiral columns can be permitted for axially
loaded columns. Beyond this, analysis for the effect of axial load
and bending must be undertaken.
Columns will tend to bend under the action of moment and produces
compression on one side and tension on the other side. The
following failures are possible under combined axial load and
bending.
Pn
1.
Plastic centroid
Pn
Pn
e
Plastic centroid
Pn
Plastic centroid
Pn
Plastic centroid
M
Plastic centroid
Plastic centroid the point in the column through which the resultant of
the column load passes through to produce uniform strain at failure. It is
the location of the resultant force of concrete and steel.
In locating this point, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in
compression to 0.85fc and all steel bars in compression at (fy 0.85fc).
For symmetrical cross sections the plastic centroid coincides with the
centroid of the cross section.
Eccentricity of a column is the distance from the load to the plastic
centroid of the cross section.
eccentricity
Pn
Plastic centroid
centroid of cross section
Plastic centroid
Centroid of cross section
Problem:
The T shaped cross section shown below is reinforced with 4 of 32 mm bars
with fc= 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the location of the plastic
centroid measured from the 450 mm side.
150 mm 200 mm
100 mm
450mm
250 mm
100 mm
75mm
75mm
150 mm 200 mm
100 mm
1
450mm
250 mm
100 mm
75mm
75
75mm
P1 P
2
P4
75
275
P x Px
P x P1 x1 P2 x2 P3 x3 P4 x4
250
P3
x 158mm
Balanced loading occur when the tension steel just reaches its yield
strain as concrete is strained to 0.003.
Every column has always
have a loading situation where an ultimate load Pnb placed at eccentricity
eb will produce a moment Mnb. If the eccentricity of the column is less
than eb (e < eb) , the column fails in compression( compression
controlled column); if e > eb the column fails in tension( tension
controlled column)
Pnb
eb
Determination of Pnb
From stress Diagram
Fy =0
Pnb - C1 - C2+ T = 0
d
b
Axis of bending
d d
T = Asfy
Es
0.85fc
C1= 0.85fcabb
EQ. 1
C2 = Asfy
ab
cb
If As = As
C2 = T
Pnb =C1
Pnb =0.85fcabb
d-ab/2
fy
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
0.003
600 1 d
ab
600 f y
EQ. 2
To determine eb
M @ center of tension steel = 0
Pnb( eb + {d-d}) C1( d-ab/2) C2(d d)= 0
Pnb( eb + {d-d}) 0.85fcabb( d-ab/2) Asfy(d d)= 0
'
'
ab As f y (d d ) (d d ' )
eb ( d )
2
Pnb
2
Balanced Moment
EQ. 3
Mnb = Pnbeb
Determination of eb, Pnb and Mb of column with given section and reinforcement.
1. Solve for ab
ab
600 1 d
600 f y
Pnb =0.85fcabb
3. Solve for eb
'
'
ab As f y (d d ) (d d ' )
eb ( d )
2
Pnb
2
Mnb = Pnbeb
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa determine P nb, eb and Mnb.
65 mm
500 mm
Axis of bending
65 mm
400 mm
3 (25) 2
As As '
1472.6mm 2 d 500 65 435mm
4
ab
600 1d 600(0.85)435
234.76mm
600 f y
600 345
Pnb =0.85fcabb
Pnb =0.85(21)234.76(400)= 1,676,186 N
'
'
A
f
(
d
d
) (d d ' )
ab
s y
eb ( d )
2
Pnb
2
234.76 1472.6(345)(435 65) (435 65)
eb (435
)
2
1676186
2
eb 244.76mm
M nb Pnb eb (1676186)(244.76) 410.26 x10 6 N .mm
M nb 410.26kN .m
e
e
eb
Plastic centroid
e
Plastic centroid
eb e
fs f y
fs ' f y
c 0.003
d-d
2
Pn
Axis of bending
d d
T = Asfy
Stress Diagram
Pn =0.85fcab
C2 = Asfy
a
0.85fc
fy
Es
C1= 0.85fcab
If As = As
C2 = T
Strain Diagram
0.003
EQ. 1
Solve for a
a
1
s'
cd
0.003
c
4. Solve for Pn
Pn =0.85fcab
5. Solve for Pu
Pu Pn
6. Solve for Mu
M u Pu e
'
'
(
c
d
)
f s' 600
fy
c
600 mm
65 mm
450 mm
Axis of bending
500 mm
65 mm
400 mm
Axis of bending
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 200 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .
65 mm
500 mm
Axis of bending
65 mm
400 mm
3 (25) 2
As As '
1472.6mm 2 d 500 65 435mm
4
eb 244.76mm 260mm
Tension controls
Pn =0.85fcab
Pn=0.85(21)400a=7140a
EQ.1
1
a
7140a{260 (435 65)} 7140a (435 ) 1472.6(345)(435 65) 0
2
2
2
a
445a 435a
26327.4 0
2
a 2 20a 52654.8 0
20 (20) 2 4(52654.8)
a
219.7 mm
2
a 219.7
c
258.47 mm
1 0.85
compression steel
(258.47 65)
f 600
449.1MPa f y yields at failure
258.47
'
s
s
d c
0.003
c
(d c)
f s 600
fy
c
(435 258.47)
tension steel
f s 600
409.8MPa f y yields at failure
258.47
e
Plastic centroid
eb e
fs f y
fs ' f y
c 0.003
Tension steel does not yield at failure
Compression steel yields at failure
d-d
2
Pn
d
b
Axis of bending
d d
T = Asfs
d
s
fy
Es
a
2
Stress Diagram
C2 = Asfy
a
0.85fc
C1= 0.85fcab
Strain Diagram
0.003
fs
1
a
Pn {e (d d ' )} C 1(d ) C2 (d d ' ) 0
2
2
1
a
Pn {e (d d ' )} 0.85 fc' ab(d ) As' f y (d d ' ) 0
2
2
As' f y (d d ' )
0.85 fc' ab(d 0.5a )
Pn
EQ.2
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
M centerofT .S 0
EQ.1 EQ.2
Pn 0.85 fc' ab As' f y As f s EQ.1
As' f y (d d ' )
EQ.3
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
'
s
a
600(d )
(d c)
1
f s 600
a
c
1
( 1d a )
f s 600
EQ.4
a
As' f y (d d ' )
a
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
{e 0.5(d d ' )}
Solve for a
Check for yielding of compression steel
a
c
1
Solve for fs
Solve for Pn
Solve for Pu
Solve for Mu
s'
cd
0.003
c
'
(c d ' )
f 600
fy
c
'
s
( 1d a )
f s 600
a
Pn 0.85 fc' ab As' f y As f s EQ.1
Pu Pn
M u Pu e
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 200 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .
65 mm
500 mm
Axis of bending
65 mm
400 mm
3 (25) 2
As As '
1472.6mm 2
4
d 500 65 435mm
eb 244.76mm 200mm
Compressions controls
a
{200 0.5( 435 65)}
{200 0.5(435 65)}
68.38
a
385
385a 2 27396.6a 17616276.5 47643.75a 435a 2 0.5a 3 26326.3a
Can be solved by
Newtons Method
of approximation
or by trial and error
0k
( 1d a )
{ 0.85 435 256.28}
f s 600
600
214.73MPa
a
256.28
256.28
301.5mm
0.85
(301.5 65 )
f 600
470.65MPa f y
301.5
'
s
Pn
Pn
e
Compression Failure
Balanced Loading
Compression
zone
C
Pn
Mn
Tension failure
Tension
zone
Pure bending
Mn
D
The diagram is made by plotting the axial load capacity when the moment is zero( point A), then the
balanced loading( point C) and the moment capacity when the axial load is zero( point D). In between
points A and D , the column fail due to axial and bending. Point C the balanced point. In reference to
Point B, the vertical and horizontal dotted line represents the particular load combination of axial load
and moment.
Design
Loads, Pu and e
section dimension
Amount of reinforcement
Pn
Ag
and
M n
Ag h
Intersection of
Locate
Pn
Ag
and
M n
Ag h
and determine pg
obtain
Ast
Analysis
Section properties
eccentricity
axial load and
moment capacity
Ast
pg
Ag
e/h
Ag
project vertically
M n
down to get
Ag h
Pn or Pu
Mn or Mu
Problem
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the column section
shown if the eccentricity is 200 mm. fc = 20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
Solve using the column interaction diagram.
400 mm
75 mm
4 of 25 mm
Axis of
bending
450 mm
4 of 25 mm
75 mm
Solution
1. Solve for
(25) 2
8
Ast
4
pg
0.016
Ag
(400)(600)
h 450
600 450
0.75
e 200
0.33
h 600
2.
Ag
Ag
8.52MPa
Pu Pn
Pn
(MPa)
Ag
50
Interaction Diagram
0.1
0
45
e/
h=
0.
20
35
30 .33
.
=0 h =0
h
e/
e/
.40
0
=
e/h
. 50
0
=
e/h
30
20
15
0.016
8.2 MPa
M n
(MPa)
Ag h
10
0.75
e/h
=
40
25
pg=0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
04
0.03
0.02
0.01
h
Pn
e
0
e/h=1.
5
0
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Problem
Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the colum shown applied at
an eccentricity of 400 mm. fc=20.7 MPa,fy=413.7 MPa.
Reinforcement consist of 16 of 28 mm bars.
500 mm
70 mm
Axis of
bending
360 mm
70 mm
(28) 2
10
Ast
4
pg
0.0394
Ag
(500)(500)
h 360
500 360
0.72
0.60
Pn
4.6 MPa
Ag
0.75
Pn
5.8MPa
Ag
Interpolating values
x 5.8
0.72 .075
Pn
5.56 MPa
Ag
0.60
0.72
0.75
0.7 Pn
5.56
(500)(500)
Pn = 1,985,714 N = 1,985.7 kN
Pn
Ag
4.6
x
5.8
50
Interaction Diagram
0.1
0
45
0.039
20
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
15 0.03
10
4.6 MPa
5
0
0.02
0.01
e/
h=
0.
20
35
25
0.60
e/h
=
40
30
0
.3
0
h=
/
e
40
.
0
=
e/h
. 50
0
=
e/h
h
Pn
e
0.8
e/h =
0
e/h=1.
50
Interaction Diagram
0.1
0
45
30
25
0.039
15
10
5.8 MPa
5
0
0.0
4
e/
h=
0.
20
35 0.0
8
0.75
e/h
=
40
20
30
.
=0
h
e/
40
.
0
=
e/h
50
.
0
=
e/h
h
Pn
e
0.
e/h =
0
e/h=1.
350 mm
75 mm
1ksi =6.8928 MPa
4 of 25 mm
Axis of
bending
400 mm
4 of 25 mm
75 mm
Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the colum shown applied at
an eccentricity of 400 mm. fc=27.57 MPa,fy=413.7 MPa.
Reinforcement consist of 16 of 22 mm bars.
450 mm
70 mm
Axis of
bending
330 mm
70 mm
Problem
CE Board May 2000
For the spiral column shown, determine the maximum nominal axial load
capacity if the eccentricity is 150 mm. fc= 27.6 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
Use the column interaction diagram. 1 ksi = 6.8928 MPa
8 of
22 mm
375 mm 500 mm
(22) 2
8
Ast
4
pg
0.0155
2
(500)
Ag
4
h 375
500 375
0.75
e 150
0.3
h 500
Pn
1.3ksi 1.3 x6.8928 8.961MPa
Ag
Pn/Ag(ksi)
0.08
0.75
0.
20
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 4ksi(27.6 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
0.10
e/h=0.
05
0.07
h
e/
0.06
0.05
0.04
30
.
=0
Pn
40
0.
0.03
h
h
0.02
0
0.5
0.0155
0.01
2
1.0
1.3 ksi
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Mn/Agh(ksi)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
400 mm
75 mm
Axis of
bending
450 mm
75 mm
Solution:
Pu = 1.4PD + 1.7PL
Pu =1.4 (450) + 1.7(500) = 1480 kN
Pn = Pu/
Pn = 1480/0.7
Pn = 2114.28 kN
h 450
600 450
0.75
e
300
0.50
h
600
Pn 0.7(2114 .28)(1000)
6.17 MPa
Ag
(400)(600)
M
0
.
7
(
632
.
28
)(
10
)
n
Mu =1.4MD + 1.7ML
3.07 MPa
(600)(400)(600)
Mu =1.4(134)+1.7(150) = 442.6 kN.m Ag h
Mn =Mu/ = 442.6/0.7 = 632.28 kN.m
Pn
M n
Intersection of
and
Eccentricity
Ag
Ag h
e= M /P = 632.28/ 2114.28
e = 0.3 m = 300 mm
pg =0.017
Ast =pgAg= 0.017(400)(600)
Ast = 4080 mm2
50
Interaction Diagram
0.1
0
45
e/
h=
0.
20
35
30
25
15
Pn
e
0
e/h=1.
01
0.
Pn
6.17 MPa
Ag
10
30
.
=0
h
e/
40
.
0
=
e/h
. 50
0
=
e/h
0.
0. 08
0. 07
0. 06
0.0 05
0.0 4
0. 3
02
20
0.60
e/h
=
40
pg=0.017
5
0
1
M n
3.07 MPa
Ag h
10
11 12
13
14
15
Solution
Ag = Pu/0.5fc
Ag = (2000)(1000) /0.5(20.7)
Ag = 193,237 mm2
Using a square column
h = 439 mm say 450 mm
Proposed Layout
450 mm
62.5 mm
Axis of
bending
325 mm
62.5 mm
e = Mu/Pu
e =190/2000 = 0.095 m = 95 mm
e/h = 95/450 = 0.211
h 325
450 325
0.722
0.60
0.75
Intersection of e/h and Pn/Ag
0.60
0.722
0.75
pg =0.018
pg =0.016
pg
0.018
x
0.016
x 0.016
0.722 0.75
0.018 0.016
0.6 0.75
x = pg = 0.01637
As =PgAg
As = 0.01637(450)(450)
As = 3315 mm2
7
0.10
Pn/Ag(ksi)
1.43 ksi
0.0
0. 8
0
0.0 7
0.0 6
0.0 5
0. 4
03
h
e/
30
.
=0
Pn
e
40
.
0
0
0.5
02
0.
0.75
0.
20
e/
h=
0.
21
1
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
1.0
0.0
1
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
pg=0.016
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Mn/Agh(ksi)
1.6
1.8
2.0
7
0.10
0.60
0.
2
e/
h= 0
0.
21
1
5
4
e/
0
0.
Pn
0
0.5
2
0. 0 0 1
0.
.3
0
h=
40
0.
Pn/Ag(ksi)
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
1.0
1.43 ksi
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
pg=0.018
0.8
1.0
1.2
Mn/Agh(ksi)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
8 of
22 mm
400 mm 530 mm
450 mm
75 mm
Axis of
bending
500 mm
75 mm
Bresler Equation
Biaxially loaded columns can be analyzed by Breslers equation.
1
1
1
1
Problem
75 mm
8 of 28 mm
225 mm 375 mm
75 mm
75 mm
450 mm
600 mm
75 mm
Solution
(28) 2
8
Ast
4
pg
0.022
Ag
(375)(600)
For eccentricity ex ( bending about the y axis)
h 450
600 450
0.75
Pn
1.28ksi
Ag
e
200
0.333
h
600
Pn
8.823MPa
Ag
Pnx
8.823(600)(375)
0.7(1000)
Pnx =2836 kN
h 225
375 225
0.60
e 100
0.267
h 375
Pn
1.35ksi
Ag
Pn
9.305MPa
Ag
9.305(600)(375)
Pny
0.7(1000)
Pnx =2991 kN
1
1
1
1
Pn = 1,922 kN
7
0.10
Pn/Ag(ksi)
0.75
0.
20
h
e/
30
.
=0
33
3
.
=0
h
/
e
02
0.
0.0
0. 8
0
0.0 7
p3
0.0 6
g=
0.0 5
0.0
22 0.0 4
3
2
0.0
1
1.28ksi
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
Pn
40
.
0
0
0.5
1.0
1
0
Mn/Agh(ksi)
7
0.10
0.60
0.
20
0
0.
h
e/
e/
67
2
0.
30
.
0
h=
=0
pg
Pn/Ag(ksi)
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
Pn
0
0.4
0
0.5
22
.0 .02
0.
03
1.35 ksi
1.0
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Mn/Agh(ksi)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Using the data of the preceding problem, determine Mux and Muy .
Solution
Pu Pn
Pu 0.7(1922) 1345.4kN
M ux Pu e y 1345.4(0.10) 134.54kN .m
M uy Pu ex 1345.4(0.20) 269.08kN .m
75 mm
10 of 28 mm
250 mm 400 mm
75 mm
75 mm
500 mm
650 mm
75 mm
Long Columns
kLu
M 1b
34 12
M 2b
r
For compression members not braced against sideways,
effects of slenderness maybe neglected when
kLu
22
r
Where:
M2b = value of the larger factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable
sidesway, calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis
M1b = value of the smaller factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis positive if
member is bent in single curvature, negative if member is
bent in double curvature
M1b
Lu
M2b
PROBLEM
A square column having an unsupported length of 5 m is used in a
braced frame against sidesway. The column is bent in single
curvature and subject to factored end moments of 58 kN/m at the
top and 42 kN.m at the bottom. Determine its minimum dimension
so that slenderness effects may not be considered in the analysis.
M 2b 58kN .m
Lu 5m 5000mm
M 1b 42kN .m
k 1 .0
r 0.3h
M 1b
kLu
34 12
M 2b
r
1(5000)
(42)
34 12
0.3h
58
h 660mm
+ since the
column is bent
in single
curvature
column
is braced
against
sidesway
M c s M 2 s b M 2b
EQ. 1
Where:
M2b = value of the larger factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis. For use in
EQ.1 M2b Pu(15 + 0.03 h) 15 + 0.03h in mm
M1b = value of the smaller factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis positive if member
is bent in single curvature, negative if member is bent in double
curvature
b =
Cm
b
1 .0
Pu
1
Pc
M 1b
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2b
1
s
1.0
Pu
1
Pc
s 1.0
Pu Pc
2 EI
Pc
( kLu ) 2
EQ 2
Ec I g
Ec I g
Es I se
EI 5
1 d
or
EI 2.5
1 d
Where
d = the ratio of factored dead load moment to maximum total
factored moment ( always positive), where the load is due to
gravity only in the calculation of Pc in computing bor
the ratio of the maximum sustained lateral load to the
maximum total factored lateral load in that story in the
calculation of Pc in computing s
Alignment Charts
ALIGNMENT CHARTS
A
50
1.0
10
5
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
10
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
5
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.1
0
B
5
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
BRACED FRAME
100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
8.0
20.0
10.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
UNBRACED FRAME
PROBLEMS
1. A rectangular concrete column has a dimension of 300 mm by
380 mm. The column length is 4.5 m and is to be used in a
frame braced against sidesway ( k =1.0, EI = 34 MN.m2). The
column is bent in single curvature by ultimate factored moment of
110 kN.m at the top and 120 kN.m at the bottom. The column
carries factored axial dead load of 150 kN and factored axial live
load of 350 kN. Considering the longer dimension of the column,
is slenderness effects be considered in the analysis ? If so,
what is the magnified moment capacity of this column ?
2. Solve the previous problem considering the effect of wind
loads producing an unfactored axial load of 130 kN an unfactored
moment of 100 kN.m
Solution to #1
M 2b 120kN .m
M 1b 110 kN .m
M 2s 0
r 0.3h 0.3(380) 114 mm
Lu 4.5m 4500mm
kLu 1(4500)
39.47
r
114
M 1B
110
34 12
34 12
23
M 2B
120
kLu
M 1B
34 12
r
M 2B
Column is Long
+ since the
column is bent
in single
curvature
M 1b
110
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.6 0.4
0.9668
M 2b
120
Pu 150 350 500kN
2 EI 2 34(10) 6
Pc
16,571,188 N 16,571.18kN
2
2
(kLu ) {(1)(4.5)}
Cm
0.9668
b
1.0103
Pu
500
1
1
0.7(16571.18)
Pc
M c b M 2b c M 2 s 1.0103(120) s (0) 121.24kN .m
Solution to #2
1.014
Pu
540.75
1
1
0.7(16571.18)
Pc
Plate No.15
375 mm
500 mm
Solution:
8 (32) 2
As
6433.98mm 2
4
Pu=1.4PD + 1.7PL = 1129.79 kN
M1b= M2b =1.4MD + 1.7ML = 550.54 kN.m
375(500)3
Ig
3906.25 x106 mm 4
12
I se As z 2 6433.98(187.5) 2 226.194 x106 mm 4
Es 200000 MPa
1.4M D 1.4(162.72)
d
0.41
Mu
550.54
Ec I g
EI
E s I se
5
1 d
21383.71(3906.35)10 6
200000(226.194)10 6
5
EI
1 0.41
2 EI
Pc
(kLu ) 2
2 4.4 x1013
Pc
12062.85kN
2
(6000 )
M 1b
550.54
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.6 0.4
1.0
M 2b
550.54
Cm
1
b
1.13
Pu
1129 .79
1
1
Pc
0.7(12062.85)
M c b M 2b 1.13(550.54) 622.11kN .m
Pn Pu
1129 .79
6.03MPa
Ag
Ag 375(500)
M n M c
(622.11)(10) 6
6.64 MPa
Ag h Ag h (500)(375)(500)
Using the column interaction diagram
Project 6.03 MPa(0.875ksi) from
Ag
M n
Project 6.64 MPa(0.963ksi) from
axis vertically up
Ag h
Locate intersection of projected lines to get pg = 0.05
0.10
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
0.
20
0.75
e/
Pn
40
.
0
0
0.5
0
0.
30
.
0
h=
3
3
3
0.
=
e/h
0.0
0. 8
0
0.0 7
0.0 6
0.0 5
0. 4
03
1.0
0.0
1
1
0.875 ksi
0
0.2
2.0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.963 ksi
1.8
Problem:
Design the steel reinforcement for a 7.5 m 600 mm by 600 mm square tied
Column bent in single curvature in a braced frame with equal 1 at one end
and 2.0 at the other end. The column is used to carry the following loads
axial dead load = 800 kN
axial live load = 880 kN
dead load moment = 135 kN. m
live load moment = 175 kN. m
Use fc = 20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa, and place the bars at two end faces
With d = 75 mm.
600 mm
450 mm
Axis of
bending
75mm
75 mm
Solution
Pu =1.4 PD + 1.7PL
Pu= 1.4 (800) + 1.7(880) = 2,616 kN
MU = M2b = M1b = 1.4 MD + 1.7 ML
MU = M2b = M1b = 1.4(135) + 1.7 (175)
MU = M2b = M1b = 486.5 kN.m
M1b / M2b = 1.0
r = 03 h = 0.3(600) = 180
50
1.0
10
5
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.9
0.82
0.8
0.7
5
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.1
0
B
5
0
10
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
BRACED FRAME
M 1b
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.6 0.4(1) 1.0
M 2b
E c 4700 fc' 4700 20.7 21383.7 MPa
600( 600 )3
Ig
10.8 x10 9 mm 4
12
1.4( 135 )
d
0.3885
486.5
Ec I g
21,373.7( 10.8 )( 10 ) 9
2.5
EI 2.5
66.532 x10 12 N .mm 2
1 d
1 0.3885
EI
( 66.532 )( 10 )
Pc
17 ,361kN
2
2
( kLu )
0.82( 7500 ) ( 1000 )
2
Cm
1
b
1.274
M 2s 0
Pu
2 ,616
1
1
Pc
0.7( 17 ,361 )
M c s M 2 s b M 2 b 0 ( 1.274 )( 486.5 ) 619.8 kN .m
M u 619.8
e
0.237 m 237 mm
Pu
2 ,616
h 450
600 450
0.75
e 237
0.395
h 600
Pn PU 2 ,616( 1000 )
5760
No
12 pcs
2
( 25 )
4
0.10
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
0.
20
0.75
e/
0.0
0. 8
0
0.0 7
0.0 6
0.0 5
0. 4
03
0
0.
0.016
2
40
.
0
0
0.5
30
.
0
h=
Pn
5
9
3
0.
=
e/h
1.0
0.0
1
1.0547 ksi
1
0
0.2
2.0
0.4
0.6
1.4
1.6
1.8
7
0.10
0.75
0.
20
5
Pn/Ag(ksi)
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc = 4ksi(27.6 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
e/
30
.
0
h=
40
0.
Pn
0
0.5
2
1.0
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
500 mm
350 mm
Axis of
bending
75mm
75 mm
300 mm
450 mm
panel
h =slab thickness
Beam or wall
panel
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam
Drop panel
Column
capital
Column
Strip
Middle
Strip
Smaller of
0.25L1 or 0.25L2
CL of column
Column
Strip
L1
Minimum thickness
Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the
supports shall be in accordance with Table 1 and shall not be less than the
following values:
a) slabs without drop panels
125 mm
b) slabs with drop panels
100 mm
Table 1
Yield
Stress
Fy,MPa(1)
275
415
With
edge
beam(3)
Ln /33
Ln /30
Ln /36
Ln /33
Interior
Panels
Ln /36
Ln /33
Exterior Panels
Without
edge
beam
With
edge
beam(3)
Ln /36
Ln /33
Ln /40
Ln /36
Interior
Panels
Ln /40
Ln /36
(1) For values of reinforcement yield stress between 275 MPa and 415 MPa minimum
thickness shall be obtained by linear interpolation
(2) See definition of drop panel in Sections 5.13.4.7.1, 5.13.4.7.2,NSCP 5th Edition
(3) Slabs with beam between columns along exterior edges. The value of for the
edge beam shall not be less than 0.8.
DROP PANEL
Drop panels and column capitals are placed around the vicinity of the column
to reduce the effect of negative moment and shear
Not less than 1/6L
h
Not less than 1/4h
Column capital
L
Sections 5.13.4.7.1 Drop panel shall extend in each direction from centerline
of support a distance not less than one sixth the span length measured center
to center of supports in that direction.
5.13.4.7.2 Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least one fourth
of the slab thickness beyond the drop.
1
36000 5000 m 0.12( 1
EQ 10.1
Ln ( 800 0.73 f y )
Ln ( 800 0.73 f y )
EQ 10.2
36000 9000
Ln ( 800 0.73 f y )
36000
EQ 10.3
m 2.0
m 2.0
------------------------- 125 mm
------------------------- 90 mm
Section 5.9.5.3.4 For slabs without beams, but with drop panels extending
In each direction from centerline of support a distance not less than one sixth
the span length in that direction measured center to center of supports and
projection of slab at least one fourth of slab thickness beyond the thickness
required by EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 shall be reduced by 10%.
Section 5.9.5.3.5 At discontinuous edge, an edge beam shall be provided
With a stiffness ratio not less than 0.8; or the minimum thickness
required by EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 shall be increased by 10% in the
panel with a discontinuous edge.
Where
Ln = length of clear span in the long direction of a two- way construction
measured face to face of supports in slabs without beams and face
to face of beams or other supports in other cases.
m = average value of for all beams on edges of a panel.
= ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness a
width of the slab bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent
panel ( if any) in each side of the beam.
E cb I b
E cs I s
L
2
2
supports.
Moments in slabs
The total moment resisted by the slab equals absolute sum of the positive
and negative factored moments in each direction and shall not be less than
( wu L2 )Ln
Mo
8
EQ. A
5
Exterior edge
Fully restrained
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.65
Positive
Factored Moment
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.35
Exterior Negative
Factored Moment
0.16
0.26
0.30
0.65
l2
l1
l2
0
l1
l2
1.0
l1
0.5
1.0
2.0
75
75
75
90
75
45
l2
l1
l
2 0
l1
l
2 1.0
l1
t 0
t 2.5
t 0
t 2.5
0.5
1.0
100
100
100
75
75
75
100
100
100
90
75
45
2.0
E cb C
t
2 E cs I s
Where :
C = torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following in percent of
positive factored moments.
TABLE C
l2
l1
0.5
1.0
2.0
l2
0
l1
60
60
60
l2
1.0
l1
90
75
45
For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of the column strip
shall be proportioned to resist that portion of the column strip moments not
resisted by the beams.
Factored moment in beams
Beams between supports shall be proportioned to resist 85% of column strip
l
moments If l 2 1.0
. If
is between 1.0 and zero
2
,proportion of l1
l1
of column strip moments resisted by beams shall be obtained by linear
interpolation between 85 and zero percent.
Factored moment in middle strip
That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by
column strips shall be proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle
strip. Each middles strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of moment
assigned to its two half middle strip. A middle strip assigned to and parallel
with one edge supported by a wall shall be proportioned to resist twice the
moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of
Interior supports.
450
x
L2/2
L2
1
450
L1
Where
d =effective depth of the slab
Problem
Using NSCP specifications, determine the minimum slab thickness of the panel
shown. The slab has beam between all supports which are poured
monolothically with the slab. fc =21MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Assume Ec be the
same for beam, slab and column.
B
5m
5m
6m
Panel
for design
6m
6m
B
500 mm 500 mm
Section B-B
350 mm
350 mm
Solution
1. Assume
h
Section A-A
350 mm
350 mm
Ln ( 800 0.73 f y )
36000 9000
1.22
ShortClearSpan 5000 350
Ln =6000 -350 =5650 mm
use 350 mm
b. Interior beam
350( 500 )3
I 1.4
5 ,104 x10 6 mm 4
12
350( 500 )3
I 1 .6
5 ,833 x10 6 mm 4
12
E cb I b
E cs I s
4. Values of
3000( 150 ) 3
Is
843.75 x10 6 mm 4
12
5104
1
6.05
843.75
b) For interior beam with 5 m wide slab ( 2 beams)
5000( 150 )3
Is
1406.25 x10 6 mm 4
12
2
5833
4.15
1406.25
6000( 150 )3
Is
1687.5 x10 6 mm 4
12
3
5833
3.46
1687.5
4.45
4
4
Check thickness
a) Minimum thickness
5.
Ln ( 800 0.73 f y )
1
36000 5000 m 0.12( 1
h = 101 mm
The values of h obtained from EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 maybe shall be modified as
required by Sections 5.9.5.3.4 and 5.9.5.3.5 but in no case shall the thickness be
less than
m 2.0
m 2.0
Since
m 4.45
------------------------- 125 mm
------------------------- 90 mm
o.k
Design the slab given in the preceding problem using auniform dead load
of 1.3 kPa excluding the weight of the slab and a uniform live load of
5.7 kPa. Use 12 mm bars , h = 150 mm and C = 4282 x 106 mm4.
Solution
1. Slab weight :
Ws = Wct(1)
Ws =23.5(0.15) = 3.53 kPa
Total uniform dead load
WD = 1.3 + 3.53 = 4.83 kPa
Total Factored uniform Load
Wu = 1.4WD+1.7WL = 1.4(4.83) +1.7(5.7) = 16.452 kPa
2. Effective depth
d = h - 1/2 bar diameter cover
d = 150 - 1/2(12) 20 = 124 mm
3. check
depth for shear
l2
Beams with 1.0 shall be proportioned to resist shear caused by factored loads on
l
tributary areas 1 bounded by 450 lines drawn from the corners of the panel and the centerlines
of adjacent panels parallel to the long side.
5m
l2
5
( 4.15 ) 3.451.0
l1
6
450
x
0.124 m
450
2.5 m
0.35 m
6m
taking b = 1 m
Shear force at critical section
Vu = Wu (shaded area)
Vu =Wu(x)(1)
Vu =16.452(2.201)
Vu = 36.21 kN
Shear carried by concrete
1
Vc
fc' bd
6
1
Vc
21( 1000 )( 124 )
6
Vc 94 ,706 N 94.7 kN
( wu L2 )Ln
Mo
8
EQ. A
L1 =5 m
0.35 m
0.35 m
Ln = 5 0.35 = 4.65 m
( 16.452( 6 )( 4.65 ) 2
Mo
8
Ln
L2 = 6 m
M o 266.8 kN .m
Ok for shear
l2
l1
0.5
1.0
2.0
l2
1.0
l1
90
75
45
Linear interpolation
be made for the values shown
l2
l1
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 1.2
1.0
1.2
2.0
Percentage
75
x
45
75 - x
- 45
1.0 - 2.0
75
75 - 45
75 - x
1.0 - 1.2
x= 69
l2
1.0
l1
l2
l1
0.5
1.0
2.0
l2
1.0
l1
90
75
45
Linear interpolation
be made for the values shown
l2
l1
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 1.2
1.0
1.2
2.0
Percentage
75
x
45
75 - x
- 45
1.0 - 2.0
75 - x
1.0 - 1.2
75
75 - 45
x= 69
L1 =5 m
Ln = 5 0.35 = 4.65 m
If the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of
supports varies L2 in EQ. A shall be taken as the average of
adjacent transverse spans. When the span adjacent and
parallel to an edge is considered, the distance from edge to panel
centerline shall be substituted for L 2 in EQ. A.
L2
Ln
0.35 m
0.35 m
l2 6
1.2
l1 5
l2
6.05( 1.2 ) 7.26 1.0
l1
3000( 150 ) 3
Is
843.75 x10 6 mm 4
12
E cb C
4282 x10 6
t
2.54
6
2 E cs I s
2( 843.75 )( 10 )
Note: Ecb =Ecs
l2
l1
t 0
t 2.5
l2
1.0
l1
0.5
1.0
100
90
100
75
2.0
100
45
l2
l1
1.0 - 2.0
1.0 1.2
1.0
1.2
2.0
Percentage
75
x
45
75 - x
- 45
1.0 - 2.0
75
75 - 45
x= 69
75 - x
1.0 - 1.2
Positive Moment
From Table C
l2
l1
Percentage
1.0
75
75 - x
1.0 - 2.0
1.2
x
75 - 45
2.0
45
Column strip =0.69(49.4) = 34.1 kN.m
Beam =0.85(34.1) = 28.99 kN.m
slab = 0.15(34.1) = 5.12 kN.m
Middle strip = (49.4 -34.1) = 15.30 kN.m
1.0 1.2
75 - x
1.0 - 1.2
x= 69
-28.45 -9.5
-26.88
1.25 m
-8.975 -8.975
+15.3
+14.475
+5.12
2.5 m
+4.83 +4.83
-28.45 -9.5
-26.88
-8.975 -8.975
1.25
3.5
1.25
1.25 m
- 45
1.0 - 2.0
75
-17.95/2 =-8.975
+9.66/2= +4.83
-53.76/2=-26.88
+28.95/2 = 14.475
-(26.88+28.45)= -55.33
+(14.475+15.3)=+29.78
Ln = 6 -0.35 = 5.65 m
( 16.452( 5 )( 5.65 ) 2
Mo
8
M o 328.24 kN .m
Ln
L1 = 6 m
5
Exterior edge
Fully restrained
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.65
Positive
Factored Moment
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.35
Exterior Negative
Factored Moment
0.16
0.26
0.30
0.65
l2 5
0.83
l1 6
4.15
l2
4.15( 00.83 ) 3.44 1.0
l1
l2
l1
0.5 - 1.0 0.5 0.83
0.5
0.83
1.0
Percentage
90
x
75
90 - x
90 - 75
90 x 0.5 0.83
90 75
0.5 1.0
x 80.1
90 x 0.5 0.83
90 75
0.5 1.0
x 80.1
l2
l1
Percentage
0.5
90
90 - x
0.83
x
90 - 75
1.0
75
Column strip =0.801(187.1) = 150 kN.m
Beam =0.85(150) = 127.5 kN.m
slab = 0.15(150) = 22.5 kN.m
Middle strip =(187.1- 150) = 37.1 kN.m
90 x 0.5 0.83
90 75
0.5 1.0
x 80.1
Edge Beam
-10.52
-3.15
-3.15
22.5/2
11.25
11.25
37.1
-27.6/2
-13.8
1.25 m
11.25
-13.8
-45.77
-13.8
1.25 m
2.5 m
1.25 m
11.25
Column strip
Column strip
-3.15
-6.3/2
-3.15
-13.8
1.25 m
Note: Since the column strip exist on both sides of the beam, the value
Of the moment alloted to the slab must be divided by 2. In the middle
Strip it is not divided by 2 since the same moment is also alloted by the
Opposite middle strip.
+37.1
-13.8
-45.77
1.25 m
B
2.5 m
-13.8
C
1.25 m
-8.975
+11.25
+4.83
+11.25
-3.15
-9.5
-10.5
Edge Beam
-53.33
-3.15
+5.12
+28.97
-9.5
-53.33
-8.975
F
E
D
1.25 m
3.5 m
1.25 m
Row A & C
Row B
Across F Across E Across D Across F Across E Across D
Mu
b
11.25
-13.8
-10.5
37.1
-45.77
1075
1075
1075
2500
2500
2500
112
124
112
124
124
124
-3.15
d
Ru
0.25955
0.75624
1.13708 0.30350
1.07238
1.32299
0.00063
0.00187
0.00284 0.00074
0.00267
0.00332
Use
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
As
407.15
450.77
407.15
1048.31
1048.31
1048.31
3.6
3.99
3.6
9.27
9.27
9.27
s
Use s
298.61
269.71
298.61
269.71
Position
Top
pmin
290
260
Bottom
1.4
0.00338
414
290
Top
269.71
269.71
260
260
260
Top
Bottom
Top
Row D & F
Row E
Across A Across B Across C Across A Across B Across C
5.12
-9.5
-55.33
29.78
-55.33
1075
1075
1075
3500
3500
3500
124
124
124
124
124
124
0.34417
0.6386
1.14237
0.61485
1.14237
0.00157
0.00084
0.00157 0.00285
0.00151
0.00285
Use
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
0.00338
As
450.77
450.77
450.77
1467.63
1467.33
1467.33
3.99
3.99
3.99
12.98
12.98
12.98
s
Use s
267.71
269.71
269.71
269.71
269.71
269.71
Position
Top
Mu
b
-9.5
d
Ru
0.6386
260
260
Bottom
260
Top
260
260
260
Top
Bottom
Top
Temperature bars:
At =0.0018(1000)(150) = 270 mm2 Using 10 mm S = 418 mm
Maximum spacing = 2t = 300 mm say 260 mm
M a Ca wl
2
a
M b Cb wl
2
b
la , lb
la
la/4
lb/4
Column strip
lb
lb/4
Middle
strip
Column strip
Column strip
Column strip
panel
la/4
lb
M a ,neg C aNeg wl a 2
Ratio
m
1.0
la
Case 1 Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
lb
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.95 Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.90 Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.85 Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.80 Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.75
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.70
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.65
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.60
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.55 Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.50
Ca,Neg
Cb,Neg
0.045
0.045
0.050
0.041
0.055
0.037
0.060
0.031
0.065
0.027
0.069
0.022
0.074
0.017
0.077
0.014
0.081
0.010
0.084
0.007
0.086.
0.006
0.076
0.072
0.070
0.065
0.061
0.056
0.050
0.043
0.035
0.028
0.022
0.050
0.050
0.055
0.045
0.060
0.040
0.066
0.034
0.071
0.029
0.076
0.024
0.081
0.019
0.085
0.015
0.089
0.011
0.092
0.008
0.094.
0.006
0.075
0.079
0.071
0.075
0.080
0.079
0.082
0.083
0.083
0.086
0.085
0.088
0.071
0.067
0.062
0.057
0.051
0.044
0.086
0.091
0.087
0.093
0.088
0.095
0.089
0.096
0.090
0.097
0.038
0.031
0.024
0.019
0.014
0.033
0.061
0.038
0.056
0.043
0.052
0.049
0.046
0.055
0.041
0.061
0.036
0.068
0.029
0.074
0.024
0.080
0.018
0.085
0.015
0.089.
0.010
0.061
0.033
0.065
0.029
0.068
0.025
0.072
0.021
0.075
0.017
0.078
0.014
0.081
0.011
0.083
0.008
0.085
0.006
0.086
0.005.
0.088
0.033
Ratio
m
1.0
la
Case 1 Case 2
Case 3
C wl
Case 4
lb
Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.95 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.90 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.85 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.80 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.75 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.70
Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.65
Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.60
Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.55 Ca,dl
Cb,dl
0.50 Ca, dl
Cb, dl
0.036
0.036
0.040
0.033
0.045
0.029
0.050
0.026
0.056
0.023
0.061
0.019
0.068
0.016
0.074
0.013
0.081
0.010
0.088
0.008
0.095
0.006
0.018
0.018
0.020
0.016
0.022
0.014
0.024
0.012
0.026
0.011
0.028
0.009
0.030
0.007
0.032
0.006
0.034
0.004
0.035
0.003
0.037
0.002
0.018
0.027
0.021
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.029
0.022
0.034
0.020
0.040
0.018
0.046
0.016
0.054
0.014
0.062
0.011
0.071
0.009
0.080
0.006
0.027
0.027
0.030
0.024
0.033
0.022
0.036
0.019
0.039
0.016
0.043
0.013
0.046
0.011
0.050
0.009
0.053
0.007
0.056
0.005
0.059
0.004
0.027
0.018
0.028
0.015
0.029
0.013
0.031
0.011
0.032
0.009
0.033
0.007
0.035
0.005
0.036
0.004
0.037
0.003
0.038
0.002
0.039
0.001
0.033
0.027
0.036
0.024
0.039
0.021
0.042
0.017
0.045
0.015
0.048
0.012
0.051
0.009
0.054
0.007
0.056
0.006
0.058
0.004
0.061
0.003
0.027
0.033
0.031
0.031
0.035
0.028
0.040
0.025
0.045
0.022
0.051
0.020
0.058
0.017
0.065
0.014
0.073
0.012
0.081
0.009
0.089
0.007
0.020
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.025
0.019
0.029
0.017
0.032
0.015
0.036
0.013
0.040
0.011
0.044
0.009
0.048
0.007
0.052
0.005
0.056
0.004
0.023
0.020
0.024
0.017
0.026
0.015
0.028
0.013
0.029
0.010
0.031
0.007
0.033
0.006
0.034
0.005
0.036
0.004
0.037
0.003
0.038
0.002
Ratio
m
1.0
la
Case 1 Case 2
Case 3
C wl
Case 4
lb
Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.95 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.90 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.85 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.80 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.75 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.70
Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.65
Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.60
Ca,ll
Cb,ll
0.55 Ca,ll
Cb,ll
C ,ll
0.50 Ca,ll
b
0.036
0.036
0.040
0.033
0.045
0.029
0.050
0.026
0.056
0.023
0.061
0.019
0.068
0.016
0.074
0.013
0.081
0.010
0.088
0.008
0.095
0.006
0.027
0.027
0.030
0.025
0.034
0.022
0.037
0.019
0.041
0.017
0.045
0.014
0.049
0.012
0.053
0.010
0.058
0.007
0.062
0.006
0.066
0.004
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.029
0.035
0.027
0.040
0.024
0.045
0.022
0.051
0.019
0.057
0.016
0.064
0.014
0.071
0.011
0.080
0.009
0.088
0.007
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.029
0.039
0.026
0.040
0.023
0.048
0.020
0.052
0.016
0.057
0.014
0.062
0.011
0.067
0.009
0.072
0.007
0.077
0.005
0.032
0.027
0.034
0.024
0.037
0.021
0.041
0.019
0.044
0.016
0.047
0.013
0.051
0.011
0.055
0.009
0.059
0.007
0.063
0.005
0.067
0.004
0.035
0.032
0.038
0.029
0.042
0.025
0.046
0.022
0.051
0.019
0.055
0.016
0.060
0.013
0.064
0.010
0.068
0.008
0.073
0.006
0.078
0.005
0.032
0.035
0.036
0.032
0.040
0.029
0.045
0.026
0.051
0.023
0.056
0.020
0.063
0.017
0.070
0.014
0.077
0.011
0.085
0.009
0.092
0.007
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.027
0.035
0.024
0.040
0.022
0.044
0.019
0.049
0.016
0.054
0.014
0.059
0.011
0.065
0.009
0.070
0.007
0.076
0.005
0.030
0.028
0.032
0.025
0.036
0.022
0.039
0.020
0.042
0.017
0.046
0.013
0.050
0.011
0.054
0.009
0.059
0.007
0.063
0.006
0.067
0.004
Table 4: Ratio of load w in la and lb directions for shear and slabs and load
0n supports
Ratio
la
Case 3
Case 4
lb
Wa
Wb
0.95 Wa
Wb
0.90 Wa
Wb
0.85 Wa
Wb
0.80 Wa
Wb
0.75 Wa
Wb
lW
a
0.70
Wb
0.65 Wa
Wb
0.60 Wa
Wb
0.55 Wa
Wb
0.50 Wa
Wb
1.0
Case 1 Case 2
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.40
0.66
0.34
0.71
0.29
0.76
0.24
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.89
0.11
0.92
0.08
0.94
0.06
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.40
0.66
0.34
0.71
0.29
0.76
0.24
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.89
0.11
0.92
0.08
0.94
0.06
0.17
0.83
0.20
0.80
0.23
0.77
0.28
0.72
0.33
0.77
0.39
0.61
0.45
0.55
0.53
0.47
0.61
0.39
0.69
0.31
0.76
0.24
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.40
0.66
0.34
0.71
0.29
0.76
0.24
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.89
0.11
0.92
0.08
0.94
0.06
0.83
0.17
0.86
0.14
088
0.12
0.90
0.10
0.92
0.08
0.94
0.06
0.95
0.05
0.96
0.04
0.97
0.08
0.98
0.02
0.99
0.01
0.71
0.29
0.75
0.25
0.79
0.21
0.83
0.17
0.86
0.14
0.88
0.12
0.91
0.09
0.93
0.07
0.95
0.05
0.96
0.04
0.97
0.03
0.29
0.71
0.33
0.67
0.38
0.62
0.43
0.57
0.49
0.51
0.56
0.44
0.62
0.38
0.69
0.31
0.76
0.24
0.81
0.19
0.86
0.14
0.028
0.030
0.38
0.62
0.43
0.57
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.45
0.61
0.39
0.68
0.32
0.74
0.26
0.80
0.20
0.85
0.25
0.89
0.11
0.030
0.028
0.71
0.29
0.75
0.25
0.79
0.21
0.83
0.17
0.86
0.14
0.89
0.11
0.92
0.08
0.94
0.06
0.95
0.05
0.97
0.03
Discontinuous Edge
Continuous edge
Cases Description
Case 1 :
Case 2 :
Case 3 :
Case 4 :
Case 5 :
Case 6 :
Case 7:
Case 8:
Case 9:
Simply supported
Interior Panel
Edges of the Long span continuous
One edge of Long span, one edge
of short span continuous (corner panel)
Edges of the short span continuous
One edge of short span continuous
One edge of long span continuous
Two edge of long span, one edge
of short span continuous
Two edge of short span, one edge
of long span continuous
hmin
2(la lb )
180
Problem
Design the thickness and reinforcement of the cornel panel shown usin the
ACI moment coeffecient method. The slab has beam between all supports
which are poured monolothically with the slab. fc =20 MPa, fy = 350 MPa
The slab is to support a uniform dead load of 4.5 kPa and uniform live load of
3.9 kPa. Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3.
B
5.3 m
500 mm
h
Section A-A
300 mm
300 mm
h
Section B-B
300 mm
4.3 m
Panel
for design
A
5.3 m
500 mm
5.3 m
300 mm
Solution
Clear span length
short span = la = 4.3 0.3 = 4.0m
long span = lb = 5.3 0.3 = 5.0m
Slab thickness:
hmin
2(la lb )
180
2(4000 5000)
h
100mm 75mm
180
Weight of slab
Ws = 0.10(23.5) =2.35 kN/m
Total Dead load
WD = 4.5 + 2.35 = 6.85 kN/m
Factored loads
Dead load = 1.4 (6.85) = 9.59 kN/m
Live load = 1.7 (3.9) = 6.63 kN/m
Total factored load = 16.22 kN/m
Effective depth ( using 12 mm bars)
d = 100 -1/2(12) 20 =74 mm
la 4
0.80
lb 5
4m
R=11.52(4)/2=23.04 kN
0.85 20 (1000)74
Vu
46883 N
6
Design Moments
Short Direction
Negative Moment at continuous edge:
From Table 1 CaNeg =0.071, w = 16.22
Ma,Neg = 0.071(16.22)(4)2=18.43 kN/m
Positive Moment at the midspan
Dead Load
Long Direction
Negative Moment at continuous edge:
From Table 1 CbNeg =0.029, w = 16.22
1.25 m
-11.76
A
B
C
1.0 m
2.0m
1.0 m
-3.69
+11.07
E
-18.43
1.25 m
2.5 m
A
C
-2.39
+7.16
Row A
Row B
Row C
Row D
Row E
-18.43
11.07
-3.69
-11.76
7.16
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
74
74
74
74
68
74
1.72
Across D,
E&F
Mu
b
Across A,
B&C
Row F
Across A,
B&C
-2.39
d
Ru
3.74
2.25
2.39
0.0122
0.00692
0.0074
0.0052
Use
0.0122
0.00692
0.0074
0.0052
As
902.8
512.08
547.6
384.8
125
220
206
293.9
618
150
300
300
12 mm
12 mm
12 mm
12 mm
Top
Top
Use s
110
Bar size
12 mm
Position
Top
Smax = 5t = 500 mm
220
12 mm
Bottom
660
220
Bottom
Top
Concrete Design
Semi- Final Exam
1.A square tied column 300 mm by 300 mm is reinforced with 6 of 20 mm bars
with fc = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) spacing of 10 mm lateral ties
(20) 2
Pu =0.80{0.85fc(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ast 6
1884.95mm 2
4
0.7(0.80){0.85(20.7)[(300)(300) 1884.95] 1884.95(345)}
Pu
1232.38kN
1000
Spacing of 10 mm ties
S 16(20) 400mm
S 48(10) 480mm
S 300mm
Use S = 300 mm
2. Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc=21 MPa, Fy=250 MPa,fy =350MPa. Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of
20 mm diameter bars.
400 mm
400 mm
W10 x 150
Properties of W 10 x 150
Area = 27000 mm2
Depth = 250 mm
8 [(20) 2 ]
As
2513mm 2
4
Ac 400(400) 27000 2513 130487 mm 2
Ldb
Ldb
25 f y
fc '
25(415)
20.7
2280mm
Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3
Required development length
0.24d b f y
Ldb
fc'
0.24(32)275
Ldb
464.2mm
20.7
Ldb 0.04d b f y
Ldb 0.04(32)(275) 352mm
Use L
db
464.2mm
Ld 464.2mm
1
Vc
6
fc'bw d
1
Vc
21(300)500 114,564 N
6
Vc 0.85(114564 )
48689.7 N
2
2
a)
b)
Vc
Stirrups not necessary
Vu 42000 N
2
Vu 95000 N
Vu
Vs
Vc
95000
Vs
114564 2799 N
0.85
2 (10) 2
Av
157.1mm 2
4
S
Av f y d
Vs
157.1( 276)500
7745mm
2799
1
3
1
fc 'bw d
21(300)(500) 229129 N
3
1
Vs
fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S
250mm
2
2
Use S = 250 mm
Semi-Final Exam
1. A square concrete column has a dimension of 400 mm by 400 mm.
The column length is 4.5 m and is to be used in a frame braced against
sidesway ( k =1.0, EI = 40MN.m2). The column is bent in single
curvature by ultimate factored moment of 100 kN.m at the top and 120
kN.m at the bottom. The column carries factored axial dead load of 150
kN and factored axial live load of 320 kN. Is slenderness effects be
considered in the analysis ? If so, what is the magnified moment
capacity of this column ?
2. Solve the previous problem considering the effect of wind loads
producing an unfactored axial load of 125 kN an unfactored moment of
90 kN.m.
8 of 28 mm
350 mm
500 mm
Solution to #1
M 2b 120kN .m
M 1b 100kN .m
M 2s 0
r 0.3h 0.3(400) 120mm
Lu 4.5m 4500mm
kLu 1(4500)
37.5
r
120
M 1B
100
34 12
34 12
24
M 2B
120
kLu
M 1B
34 12
r
M 2B
Column is Long
+ since the
column is bent
in single
curvature
M 1b
100
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.6 0.4
0.933
M 2b
120
Pu 150 320 470kN
2 EI 2 40(10) 6
Pc
19,495,515 N 19,495.5kN
2
2
(kLu ) {(1)(4.5)}
Cm
0.933
b
0.967
Pu
470
1
1
0.7(19495.5)
Pc
M c b M 2b c M 2 s 0.967(120) s (0) 116 .04kN .m
Solution to #2
0.97
Pu
511.87
1
1
0.7(19495.5)
Pc
Solution to # 3
8 (28) 2
As
4926mm 2
4
Pu=1.4PD + 1.7PL = 1047 kN
M1b= M2b =1.4MD + 1.7ML = 454.4 kN.m
350(500)3
Ig
3645.83 x106 mm 4
12
I se As z 2 4926(175) 2 150.86 x106 mm 4
Es 200000 MPa
1.4 M D 1.4(140)
d
0.431
Mu
454.4
Ec I g
EI
E s I se
5
1 d
21383.71(3645.83)106
200000(150.86)10 6
5
EI
1 0.431
2 EI
Pc
(kLu ) 2
2 4.576 x1013
Pc
12545.36kN
2
(6000 )
M 1b
550.54
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.6 0.4
1.0
M 2b
550.54
Cm
1
b
1.135
Pu
1047
1
1
Pc
0.7(12545.36)
M c b M 2b 1.135(454.4) 515.78kN .m