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Objective of Training
Learning the basic concept
for the determination of line size.
In determining line size, Process Engineer should recognize;
What should be taken into account?
What is the background of sizing calculation?
w
v
A
v; velocity [m/s]
w; mass flow rate [kg/s]
; density of fluid [kg/m3]
A; area of piping [m2]
D; internal diameter of piping [m]
A=(D/2)2
v2 L
P 4 f
2 D
P:
f:
v:
L:
:
D:
f; friction factor
Re; Reinolds Number [-]
Re=vD/
; viscosity of fluid [Pa s]
Q
4Q
D 2 D 2
2
2
A:
Q:
v2 L
16Q 2 L
P 4 f 4 f
2 D
2 2 D 5
Frication Loss is;
inverse proportional to the 5th power of diameter
proportional to the 2nd power of flow rate
Minor Losses
Friction losses also result from fittings in
the line, changes in direction, and
changes in flow area. These losses are
known as minor losses. Two methods
are used to calculate minor losses:
Equivalent Length
Loss Coefficient
Equivalent Length
Each fitting or other flow variation is
assumed to produce friction equal to
the pipe wall friction from an equivalent
length of pipe. The equivalent length for
all minor losses are added to the pipe
length term, L, in the Fanning equation.
Ltotal = L + Le
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli equation is an energy
conservation equation.
E1 = E2 Ef
E1: Energy at point 1
E2: Energy at point 2
Ef: Energy Loss by friction
Fluid Energy
Kinetic Energy: Ev = v2/2
Potential Energy: Ez = zg
Pressure Energy: Ep = p/
Total Fluid Energy = Ev + Ez + Ep
v: velocity [m/s]
z: elevation [m]
p: pressure [Pa]
: density [kg/m3]
E: energy [J/kg]
Energy Balance
E1
E2
1
2
Ef
E1 = E2 + Ef
Reference
These are the example of general reference
books. You can find similar ones in book store,
of course. To get further understanding, it is
recommended to have it.
Perrys Chemical Engineer Handbook