ALTERNATE EDITION WITH DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM

MICROBIOLOGY

ROBERT W. BAUMAN

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation

Chapter 1

A Brief History of Microbiology

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The Early Years of Microbiology

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)
Began making and looking through simple microscopes
Often made new microscope for each specimen
Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi,
algae, and single celled protozoa; animalcules

By end of 19th century, these organisms were called

microbes
Leeuwenhoek known as Father of Protozoology and
Bacteriology

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How Can Microbes Be Classified?

Carolus Linnaeus developed system for naming plants
and animals and grouping similar organisms together
(taxonomic system)
Leeuwenhoeks microorganisms grouped into five
categories:
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Prokaryotes
Small animals
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Fungi
Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus)
Obtain food from other organisms
Possess cell walls
Composed of:
Molds multicellular; have hyphae; reproduce by
sexual and asexual spores
Yeasts unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding;
some produce sexual spores

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Examples of Fungi

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Figure 1.4

Examples of Fungi

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Figure 1.4

Protozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular
structure
Typically live freely in water; some live inside animal hosts
Most reproduce asexually; some reproduce sexually
Most are capable of locomotion by
Pseudopodia cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
Cilia numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel
organisms through environment
Flagella extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more
whiplike than cilia

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Examples of Protozoa

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Figure 1.5

Examples of Protozoa

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Figure 1.5

Examples of Protozoa

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Figure 1.5

Algae
Unicellular or multicellular
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive structures
Categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage
products, and composition of cell wall

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Examples of Algae

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Figure 1.6

Prokaryotes
Unicellular and lack nuclei
Much smaller than eukaryotes
Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some
found in extreme environments
Reproduce asexually
Two kinds
Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan; some lack
cell walls; most do not cause disease and some are
beneficial
Archaea cell walls composed of polymers other than
peptidoglycan
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Examples of Prokaryotes

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Figure 1.7

Other Organisms of Importance to Microbiologists

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Figure 1.9

What Causes Disease?

Pasteur developed germ theory of disease
Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease
Anthrax
Examined colonies of microorganisms
Because of his achievements, Koch is considered
Father of the Microbiological Laboratory

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Laboratory Microbiology Advances by Koch and

Others
Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
Use of steam to sterilize media
Use of Petri dishes
Aseptic techniques
Bacteria as distinct species
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Kochs Postulates
Suspected causative agent must be found in every case
of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
When agent in introduced into a healthy, susceptible
host, the host must get the disease
Same agent must be reisolated from diseased
experimental host

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Table 1.2

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Table 1.2

How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?

Semmelweis and Handwashing
Listers Antiseptic Technique
Nightingale and Nursing
Snow and Epidemiology infection control and
epidemiology
Jenners Vaccine field of immunology
Ehrlichs Magic Bullets field of chemotherapy

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The Modern Age of Microbiology

What are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
Biochemistry

How Do Genes Work?

Microbial Genetics
Molecular Biology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Gene Therapy

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The Modern Age of Microbiology (continued)

What Role Do Microorganisms Play in the
Environment?
Environmental Microbiology

How Do We Defend Against Disease?

Serology
Immunology
Chemotherapy

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Biochemistry
Began with Pasteurs work on fermentation and
Buchners discovery of enzymes in yeast extract
Kluyver and van Niel microbes used as model
systems for biochemical reactions
Practical applications
Design of herbicides and pesticides
Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients
responses to treatment
Treatment of metabolic diseases
Drug design
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Microbial Genetics
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty determined genes are
contained in molecules of DNA
Beadle and Tatum established that a genes activity is
related to protein function
How genetic information is translated into protein
Rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation
How cells control genetic expression

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Molecular Biology
Explains cell function at the molecular level
Genome sequencing
Pauling proposed that gene sequences could
Provide understanding of evolutionary relationships
and processes
Establish taxonomic categories that reflect these
relationships
Identify existence of microbes that have never been
cultured

Woese cells belong to bacteria, archaea, or

eukaryotes
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Recombinant DNA Technology

Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated
for practical applications
Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to
aid hemophiliacs

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Gene Therapy
Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in
humans using viruses that carry the desired gene

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Chemotherapy
Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs

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