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c[n ]
Outline
Standard approach
Decimation by a factor D
Interpolation by a factor I
Sampling rate conversion by a rational factor I/D
Sampling rate conversion by an arbitrary factor
Down-Sampler
Figure below shows explicitly the timedimensions for the down-sampler
x ( n)
Input sampling frequency
Fx
Tx
y [ n ] x ( nM )
Output sampling frequency
Fy
Fx
M
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Down-Sampler
Consider a factor-of-2 down-sampler with
an input x[n] whose spectrum is as shown
below
Y (e ) { X (e j / 2 ) X (e j / 2 )}
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Down-Sampler
Now X (e j / 2 ) X (e j ( 2 ) / 2 ) implying
j
/
2
X
(
e
) in the
that the second term
previous equation is simply obtained by
shifting the first term X (e j / 2 ) to the right
by an amount 2 as shown below
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Down-Sampler
The plots of the two terms have an overlap,
and hence, in general, the original shape
)lost when x[n] is down-sampled as
of X (e jis
indicated below
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Down-Sampler
This overlap causes the aliasing that takes
place due to under-sampling
There is no overlap, i.e., no aliasing, only if
X ( e j ) 0
for / 2
Note: Y (e j ) is indeed periodic with a
period 2, even though the stretched
version
is periodic with a period
X (e jof)
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Down-Sampler
For the general case, the relation between
the DTFTs of the output and the input of a
factor-of-M down-sampler is given by
M 1
1
j ( 2 k ) / M )
Y ( e j )
X
(
e
M k 0
Y (e j ) is a sum of M uniformly
shifted and stretched versions of X (e j )
and scaled by a factor of 1/M
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
j )
1
{ X (e j / 2 ) X ( e j / 2 )}
2
Copyright 2001, S. K.
c[n ]
Decimation by a Factor D
HD (e jw )
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c[n ]
Standard Approach
Decimation by a Factor D
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Up-Sampler
Time-Domain Characterization
An up-sampler with an up-sampling factor
L, where L is a positive integer, develops an
output sequence y[n] with a sampling rate
that is L times larger than that of the input
sequence x[n]
Block-diagram representation
x[n]
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y[ n ]
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
Up-sampling operation is implemented by
inserting L 1 equidistant zero-valued
samples between two consecutive samples
of x[n]
Input-output relation
x[n /L],
y[n]
0,
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n 0, L, 2 L,L
otherwise
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
In practice, the zero-valued samples
inserted by the up-sampler are replaced
with appropriate nonzero values using some
type of filtering process
Process is called interpolation.
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
Frequency-Domain Characterization( Frequency
Spectrum )
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
In terms of the z-transform, the input-output
relation is then given by
y( z)
y[n] z n
x[n / L] z n
x[m] z Lm X ( z L )
Y ( z) X ( z )
L
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
Put
ze
j
Y (e ) X (e
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j L
Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
Figure below shows the relation between
j
j
Y (e for) L = 2 in the case of a
X (eand)
typical sequence x[n]
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
As can be seen, a factor-of-2 sampling rate
j
expansion leads to a compression of X (e )
by a factor of 2 and a 2-fold repetition in
the baseband [0, 2]
This process is called imaging as we get an
additional image of the input spectrum
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Up-Sampler
Similarly in the case of a factor-of-L
sampling rate expansion, there will be L 1
additional images of the input spectrum in
the baseband
Lowpass filtering of y[n] removes the L 1
images and in effect fills in the zerovalued samples in y[ n] with interpolated
sample values
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Copyright 2001, S. K.
Interpolation by a Factor I
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c[n ]
Standard Approach
Interpolation by a Factor I
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c[n ]
Standard Approach
Conversion by a Rational Factor I/D
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otherwise.
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..(2)
(4)
Equn(2) & eqn(4) are equal and they are relations of Second noble
identity.
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H(Z)=
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To obtain an efficient integrator structure: we need to consider an Up-sampler followed by the IntegratorComb CIC filter & then apply the Second noble identity as shown
below:
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Comb filter 1-
by 1 -
respectively.
or 1-
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Then interpolation by a factor I can be accomplished by cascading LStages of interpolation and filtering as shown in below figure
Note that the filter in each stage of interpolator s eliminates the images
introduced by Up-sampling process in the corresponding interpolator.
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Transition band:
Where
0 F Fx
Fpc F Fsc
Transition band:
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Stopband :
0 F Fpc
Fpc F Fi -Fsc
Fi -Fsc F
For example in the first filter stage we have F 1 = Fx/D1 & the filter is
designed to have the following frequency bands:
Passband
0 F Fpc
Transition band:
Stopband :
F pc F F1 -Fsc
F1 -Fsc F
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