CHAPTER 3 - MULTIPLEXING

TECHNIQUES
SYED AHSAN RAZA

Multiplexing
Transmission of two or more signals over a common
transmission facility
Common transmission facility includes
Wire Pair
Fiber Optic Cable
Radio Carrier

Multiplexing
Multiplexing carried out in frequency
domain is called as Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)

Multiplexing carried out in time domain is

called as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Each information bearing channel is assigned a distinct
frequency slot in a band of frequencies

With telephony, each frequency slot carries a telephone voice

channel

Each voice channel amplitude modulates a different carrier

frequency

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Different voice channels occupy a different portion of the broadband
spectrum

Such signals are combined in an electrical network for transmission to the

line at one end of the circuit

Signals are separated electrically at the other end

Such transmission is termed as carrier transmission

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Mixing

The heterodyning or mixing of frequencies A and B is
shown as

What frequencies maybe found at the output of the

mixer???

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Mixing

Both original signals will be present
A,B

Sum of the original signals

A+B

Difference of the original signals

A-B

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Example of

Mixing
Boundaries of a nominal 4 kHz voice channel
300 Hz
3400 Hz

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Example of

Mixing
The output maybe the sum

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Example of

Mixing
Imagine a continuous spectrum of frequencies

Taking the sum and filtering out other frequencies we say we

have a triangle facing to the right called as erect sideband

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Example of

Mixing
Taking the difference translates higher frequency of voice channel
to lower frequency of translated spectrum

This is an inverted sideband facing the left side

Frequency Division Multiplexing - CCITT

Modulation Plan
Modulation plan sets forth the development of a band of
frequencies called as line frequencies
Diagram showing
Necessary mixing
Local oscillator mixing frequencies
Sidebands selected by means of a triangle

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT group
Standard group defined by CCITT
Occupies frequency band of 60-108 kHz
Contains 12 voice channels
Each voice channel is nominal 4 kHz voice channel
Mixing is performed and lower sidebands are selected

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT group

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT group

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT Super group
Super group contains five standard CCITT groups
Equivalent to 60 voice channels
Standard super group before translation occupied band of
312-552 kHz
Carrier frequencies are 420, 468, 516, 564 and 612 kHz
for respective groups

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT Super group

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT Basic Master group
Contains five super groups
Equivalent to 300 voice channels
Occupies spectrum of 812-2044 kHz

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of a

CCITT Basic Master group

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of

a CCITT Basic Super Master group
Contains 3 basic master groups

Occupies band of 8516-12388 kHz

Frequency Division Multiplexing -Formation of

a CCITT Basic Super Master group

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Activity

Factor
Activity factor of 1
100% duty cycle
Unrealistic for speech
Someone is talking all the time on the circuit

Activity factor of 0.7

Not all trunks are occupied at the same time
Keeping rejected call percentage low even in busy hour

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Activity

Factor
Activity factor of 0.5
Circuits are usually inactive during call setups
Pauses for thinking during a conversation

Activity factor of 0.25

On a full duplex circuit while one end is talking the other is listening
Circuit is idle half the time during the listen period

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Loading

Loading of a particular system varies with the busy
hour
Busy hour meaning the number of channels occupied
up to the maximum
Speech by nature is very sudden and varying

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Loading

Empirically, for a typical talker the peak power is
about 18.6 dB higher than the average speech power
Peak factor of speech means that FDM carrier
equipment has to be operated at lower average power
To withstand voice peaks so as not to overload the
system and cause distortion

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Loading

Electrical power developed across the frequency band
occupied by all the talkers is given by

Where Ta is activity factor

If we have N talkers each on a different frequency segment ,
the average power developed is

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Loading

Average power of composite signal relative to zero
level point dBm0 is given by

Frequency Division Multiplexing - Loading

Frequency Division Multiplexing Single

Channel Loading
Number of telephonic administrations have attempted
to standardize on -16 dBm0 for single channel speech
input to multichannel FDM equipment
With this input, peaks in speech level may reach -3
dBm0
Tests indicate that this value will not be exceeded
more than 1% of the time

Frequency Division Multiplexing Single

Channel Loading
Conventional value of average power per voice channel
allowed by CCITT is -15 dBm0
This assumes
Standard deviation of 5.8 dB
Traditional activity factor of 0.25
Average talker level at -11.5 VU

Frequency Division Multiplexing Loading with

Constant Amplitude Signals
Speech on multi channel systems has a low duty cycle or
activity factor of 0.25
Certain signals transmitted over multichannel equipment have
an activity factor of 1
They are transmitted continuously or continuously over fixed
time frames
They are also characterized by constant amplitude

Frequency Division Multiplexing Loading with

Constant Amplitude Signals
Examples of these type of signals are
Telegraph tine or tones
Signaling tone or tones
Pilot tones
Data signals

Frequency Division Multiplexing Loading with

Constant Amplitude Signals
For typical constant amplitude signals , transmit levels
(input to the channel modulator on the carrier in FDM
equipment) are as follows
Data -13 dBm0
Signaling tone on when idle -20 dBm0
Composite telegraph -8.7 dBm0

Frequency Division Multiplexing Loading with

Constant Amplitude Signals
Data and telegraph should be loaded uniformly
Bad practice to load one group with 75% data while another
group has no data traffic at all
Data should be assigned to voice channels that are not near
group band edge
Avoid channels 1 and 12 on each group for the transmission
of data especially medium and high speed data

Frequency Division Multiplexing Loading with

Constant Amplitude Signals

Frequency Division Multiplexing Pilot Tones

Pilot tones in FDM equipment have essentially two
purposes
Control of level
Actuation of alarms when levels are out of tolerance

Frequency Division Multiplexing Pilot Tones

Modern carrier systems initiate a level regulating
pilot tone on each group at transmit end
Individual level regulating pilots are also initiated on
all super groups and master groups
Intent is to regulate the system level within 0.5 dB

Frequency Division Multiplexing Pilot Tones

Pilots are assigned a frequency from
Guard band
Residual carriers

CCITT assigned the following as group regulating

pilots

Frequency Division Multiplexing Pilot Tones