Mediums of

Communication may be
categorized broadly as

Electro Magnetic Spectrum

1.Radio
Frequency- 300Hz to 300GHz,
Wave length - >10 cm,
Energy- < 10 ^ -7 eV
2.Microwave
3.Infrared
4.Visible light
5.UV rays
6.X-rays
7.Gamma rays
WL -10^-9 cm, E - >10^5 eV.

Antenna Basics
1. Coverts wire propagated wave to
space propagated wave
Basic condition Height = Lamda/2
Frequency range
Gain
VSWR
Horizontal / Vertical Beam width

Properties of EM wave
1. Carries Energy and momentum
2. Propagates by oscillating electric and
magnetic fields right angles to each
other
3. Travels at a speed of Light
4. Transverse waves Oscillations occurs
perpendicular to the direction of energy
transfer
* Ground / space / sky wave propagation

Examples of Radio
communication Services
1.AM/FM & TV ( Simplex)
2.Walkie-Talkie (Half Duplex)
3.GSM (Full Duplex)
4.WiFi and Wi-MAX
5. Satellite (DTH and VSAT)
6.WLL ( Wireless in local loop)

Emergence of WLL concept

Problem in Last mile Connectivity
(That is in Copper based Local Loop)
1. Copper is Costly
2. Installation is time consuming
3. Fault Prone/EM Interference
4.Mntce difficult and time consuming
5. Cost per line depends on Distance

Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple Access Technique s

1.TDMA
2.FDMA
3.CDMA
Evolution of CDMA
1.IS95-A
2.IS95-B
3.2001X
4.1X-EVDO Release 0
1X-EVDO-Revision A (EVDV)

Difference between
GSM and CDMA
Sl No Parameters

GSM

CDMA

Access technology

FDMA & TDMA

CDMA only

Modulation /
Coding technique

GMSK / RPE-LTP
(Regular pulse
Excited long term
prediction)

QPSK or OQPSK /
QCELP or EVRC

Frequency band

890-915 / 935-960

824-849 / 869-894

Channel BW

200 KHz

1.25 MHz

Planning requires

Frequency
planning

Power planning

Advantages of CDMA
1. Large Coverage for 1000sq km GSM200BTS , CDMA-50BTS.
2. High spectrum capacity 4 to 6 times
GSM
3.High security
4.Soft handoff make before break
Good voice quality 13k QCELP
Mean power- 2mw to 200mw
GSM 125mw to 2W

Disadvantages of CDMA
1 Proprietary nature ( Qualcom- US)
Can not offer International roaming
New network ( Not familier)

Shannons Equation
C = W x log2(1 + S/N)
where
C
= Channel Capacity
W
= Bandwidth available
S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio
Increasing the Bandwidth and thereby increasing
the Channel Capacity forms the basis of CDMA.
S/N can be increased by devising proper Power
Control methods.

Spread Spectrum
Techniques
1. DSSS
2. FHSS
3. THSS

Spread spectrum principle

Direct Sequence Spread using Walsh code

Consist of 64 orthogonal codes each 64 bits long
Spreads spectrum to 1.2288 M bps from 9.6 Kbps
Channel Capacity
C=W log (1+S/N)

Increasing BW improves Signal Transmission with lower S/N

Narrow Band Waveform

Power
Spectral
Density

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Noise Level

Spread Waveform

Frequency

PN CODES
1. Short PN 2 ^15
Long PN 2 ^ 42 ( takes 41 days for a
cycle)
Walsh Code 64 codes of 64 bits length

Walsh Code Generation

Orthogonal Property ( XOR ing the codes
Equal nos of 0s and 1s.

MSC Based WLL

Architecture

CDMA / WLL 2001X

Architecture

1.Mobile Station(MS)
2.Base Station Subsystem(BSS)
3.Mobile switching Subsystem(MSS)
4.Packet Data Switching Subsystem(PDSS)
5.Operation and maintenance
subsystem(OSS)
OMCS and OMCR