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Management
of Process
Quality
Product Inspection Vs Process
Control
A Brief History of Quality
Control
Concept of Quality have
traced as far back as
3000 B.C. in Babylonia
Among the references to
quality from code of
Hammurabi, ruler of
Babylonia is the
following excerpt:
“ The mason who builds a
house which falls down
and kills the inmate shall
be put to death”
A Brief History of Quality
Control
Following the Industrial Revolution and resulting factory
system, quality and process control began to take some
characteristics that we know today.
Control
Quality
Assurance
Continuous
Improvement
Continuous
Improvement
Moving form Inspection to Process Control
1. Pareto Diagram
2. Process Flow Chart
3. Cause-and-Effect Diagram
4. Check Sheet
5. Histograms
6. Control Chart
7. Scatter Diagram
Pareto Diagram
In 1879, the famous Italian economist Alfred
Pareto, noticed that 80% of Italy’s wealth was
controlled by 20% of the population. This concept
is known as Pareto’s law or Pareto’s rule or
Principle of imbalance or simply 80/20 rule.
Subsequently, people in various disciplines and
professions noticed that this same 80/20 applied, in Alfred Pareto
a broad way, to a wide range of phenomena. (1848-1923)
A cause-and-effect (C&E)
diagram is designed to
represent a meaningful
relationship between effect and
its causes.
Material Man
Problem
or
an Effect
Machine Method
How to Construct a C&E Diagram
Material Man
Problem
or
an Effect
Machine Method
How to Construct a C&E Diagram
3
Material Work
2 No instructions
Cheap
Method
Solvents Wrong Too thin
Type
Paint over
Contaminated dirt
1 Too thick
5 House
Dirt
Paint
Bad bristle Air pollution Peeling
Humidity
Paint Brush Temperature
Dirty
Acid rain
4
Machine Environmen
t
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Check Sheets
When to use
– When data can be observed and collected
repeatedly by the same person or at the same
location.
11 4
66 7
55 20
22 10
Others 4
Histograms
A histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies.
A histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what
proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified
categories.
It differs from a bar chart in that it is the area of the bar that
denotes the value, not the height, a crucial distinction when the
categories are not of uniform width.
Histograms can give sufficient information about a quality
problem to provide a basis for decision making without further
analysis.
A histogram is like a snapshot of process showing the variation.
Histograms can determine the process capability, compare with
specifications, suggest the shape of population, and indicate
discrepancies in data such as gaps.
Histograms
When to use histograms
1891-1967
3.5
3.4
8
Subgroup average
3.4
6
3.4
4
3.4
2
3.4
3.3
8
3.3
6
5 10 1 20 25
3.3
4 5
Subgroup number
3.3
2
3.3
Control Chart
A True Control Chart
3.5 Upper Control Limit
2 (UCL)
3.5
3.4
8
Subgroup average
3.4
6
3.4
4
3.4
2
3.4
3.3
Lower Control Limit
8
(LCL)
3.3
6
5 10 1 20 25
3.3
4 5
Subgroup number
3.3
2
3.3
Practical Example of Run
Electronic Run Chart
Elpro Readings
Every Two Minutes
Scatter Diagram
30
20
10
0
30 40 50 60 70
80
Speed – mi/h
Scatter Diagram of Speed and
Gas Mileage
40
Gas mileage – mi/gal
30
20
10
0
30 40 50 60 70
80
Speed – mi/h
END OF CHAPTER 6